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HHD > Models of health (BIG SAC) > Flashcards

Models of health (BIG SAC) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 models of health

A
  • old public health
  • biomedical
  • social
  • ottowa charter
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2
Q

Public health definition

A

government or community actions ocused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease

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3
Q

Old public health definition

what does it include, time period

A

1900s
Public health actions that are implemented by the government that mainly focus on changing the physical envuronment and grew out og the understanding of infectious disease.
INCLUDES: safe water/ sanitation/ sewage disposal/ improved nutrition/ housing conditions/ work conditions/ quarantine

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4
Q

Old public health policies

A
  • Quaratine laws
  • food quality regulation
  • housing regulation
  • workplace regulation
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5
Q

Old public health practices

A
  • improved sanitation
  • mass vaccination
  • provision of clean water
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6
Q

Quarantine definition

A

Laws that require a person, animsl, plant or any type of material that might be carrying an infectious agent to be kept isolated to prevent the spread of disease.

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7
Q

Biomedical approach definition

A

focuses on the biological aspects of disease and illness. it is a medical model of care practiced ny doctors and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease

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8
Q

3 Advantages of biomedical approach

A
  • improves quality of life (reduced chronic/acute pain)
  • quick and effective treatment
  • extends life expectancy
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9
Q

2 disadvantages of biomedical approach

A
  • does not focus on cause factor
  • because it relies on medical interventions so is very *costly *
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10
Q

3 types of advances in medical technology

A
  • diagnostic tools and equipment
  • medical procedures
  • pharmaceutical drugs
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11
Q

what do diagnostic tools and equipment include

A

x rays, ultrasounds, CT scans, MRI, genetic testing

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12
Q

what do medical procedures include

A

organ transplants, hip/knee replacements/ key-hole surgery, robotic organs, artificial organs, IVF, chemotherapy and radiation

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13
Q

what do pharaceutical drugs include

A

hypertension medication, anti-depressants, adcanced vaccinations, ventolin, antibiotics, penicilin

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14
Q

New Public Health

definition

A
  • An approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the way in which physical, sociocultural and political environment impact of health
  • social model comes under new public health
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15
Q

Social model of health

definition

A

a conceptual framework within which improvements in H+WB are achieved by directing effort towards addressig sociocultural, economic and environmental.
- developed in response to emerging lifestyle diseases
- educating the public

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16
Q

5 principles of social model of health

A
  • Acts to enable access to healthcare
  • Reduce inequlities
  • Empowers individuals + communities
  • Address the broader determinants of health
  • involves inter-Sectoral collaboration
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17
Q

Acts to enable access to healthcare

A

A

address the social and envirnomental barriers that may restrict access to HC eg location and $

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18
Q

Reduce inequalities

R

A

reduce barriers that prevent people from enjoying good health eg gender, income and race

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19
Q

Empowers individuals and communities

E

A

Give people the knowledge and skills they nedd to allow people to participate positively in decisions impacting health

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20
Q

Address the broader determinants

A

A

focus on more than behavioural factors. Social, economic and environmentl factors

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21
Q

involves inter-Sectorial collaboration

S

A

Government and non-government organisations working together to achieve better health outcomes for all.

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22
Q

4 Advantages of social model of health

A
  • promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in preventing diseases
  • less expensive than the biomedical approach
  • focuses on vulnerable population groups
  • Education can be passed through generations
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23
Q

4 disadvantages of social model of health

A
  • not every illness/condition acn be prevented
  • does not address health and wellebing concerns of individuals
  • health promotion messages may be ignored
  • does not promote the development of technology and medical knowledge.
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24
Q

3 basic strategies for health promotion (Ottawa Charter)

explain each one

A

Advoctate: actions that seek to gain support
Enable: reducing inequity b/w population groups by ensuring access to education, employment etc
Mediate: help grous solve conflict b/w groups leading to better health outcomes.

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25
Q

5 action ares of the Ottawa Charter

acronym

A

Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats
- building health public policy
- create supportive environments
- strengthen community action
- develop personal skills
- reorient health services

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26
Q

Building health public policy

description and 3 examples

A

relates to decisions directly made by the government regaarding laws and policies that make it more difficult to people to undertake unhealthy behaviours
eg
* removing tax on unprocessed food
* alcohol and smoking tax
* banning smoking in public places

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27
Q

Create supportive environments

description and 3 examples

A

recognises the impact that the broader determints have on H+WB and HS. Promotes healthy physical and sociocultural environments
eg
- establishment of quitline
- shaded areas in school
- investing in sustainable energy

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28
Q

Strengthen community action

description and 2 egs

A

building links b/w individuals and the community. working together to achieve a common goal which increases the likelihood for it to be effective
eg
- Cental Australian Aboriginal Congress
- Immunisation strategies school, media etc working together

29
Q

Develop personal skills

description and 3 egs

A

gain education so can gain health related knowledge and skils that allow ppl to make informed decisions
eg
- health cnetre running cooking classes
- educating parents
- quit campaign eductaing about dangers of smoking

30
Q

Reorient health services

description and 3 egs

A
  • means addressing all factors that influence H+WB.
    changing the health system so it promotes H+WB rather than diagnosing and treating (biomedical model). Requires a shift towards health promotion
    eg
  • doctors discussion around healthy eating rather than just surgery and medicine
  • GP’s recommending physical activity
  • funding for walk groups
31
Q

Areas reflected thoughout the Aus healthcare system

4 things and explain

A

FUNDING: relates to the fincancial resources available to fund our health system
ACCESS: people being able to access HC without barriers
SUSTAINABILITY: meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
EQUITY: closely linked to fairness and social justice. Giving all people equal and fair access

32
Q

What is medicare

A

Australias universal health insurance scheme that gives all australians and those with reciprocal agreements access to subsidized healthcare by the federal government

33
Q

How is medicare funded?

3 things and explain

A
  • Medicare Levy: additional 2% tax on most tax payers
  • Medicare Levy Surcharge: burden moves away from medicare to PHI
  • General tax:
34
Q

What does medicare cover?

both in and out of hospital expenses

A

OUT OF HOSPITAL EXPENSES:
consultaion fees related to essential HC, doctors and specialists, X rays, pathology, eye test performed by optometrist, some dental, most surgery performed by a GP
IN HOSPITAL EXPENSES:
public patient in public hospital, it covers everything
public patient in private hospital, covers 75%

35
Q

What is a scheduled Fee?

A

Medicare sets a scheduled fee for services. If the doctor charges more than the scheduled fee, the patient has to pay the differnece out of pocket.

36
Q

What is the medicare safety net?

A

provides extra fincanical support for those that incur dignificant out of pocket expenses when they have contributed a certain amount
relevent for low income populations

37
Q

Services not covered by medicare include…

A
  • non essential services
  • ambulance
  • most dental treatments/examination
  • costs associated with PHI
  • glasses, hearing aids etc
38
Q

Advantages of medicare

4 advs

A
  • choice of GP for out of hospital treatment
  • accessible to all aus
  • covers tests
  • medicare safety net
39
Q

disadvantages of medicare

A
  • no choice of doctor for in hospital treatment
  • waiting lists
  • no lternative therapy covered
  • still may be out of pocket costs for GP
40
Q

Areas of consideration for medicare

funding, sustainablity, access, equity

A

FUNDING: subsidizing GP and treatments in hospital
SUSTAINABILITY: only covering clinically necessary treatment saves vital funds
ACCESS: provided through tele-health increasing acces
EQUITY: medicare safety net ensures that frequent users are protected

41
Q

Pharmaceutical Benifit Scheme (PBS)

A

an aus gov program that provides subsidized prescription medication to all aus residents an dthose covered by recirocal HC agreements

42
Q

How does the PBS operate?

A

aims to provide subsidized vital medication to all AUS. medications are assessed on effectiveness, safety and cost effectiveness before being put on the PBS register

43
Q

Costs of PBS for individuals and nation

A

putting medicine on the PBS is cost effective for teh aus HC system as it will reduce costs of future treatments.
co-payment is the cost to individuals. when co-payment gets to certain figures, the cost of future medication will drop for frequent users

44
Q

4 advantages of the PBS

A
  • provides access to subsidized vital madication
  • includes PBS safety net
  • provides additional support for concession holders
  • access to medication at local pharmacies
45
Q

3 disadvantages of PBS

A
  • places sig financial burden on federal government
  • does not cover all medication
  • for most australians there will be co-payments
46
Q

NDIS definition

A

a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities and their families and carers to assist then in living an ordinary life

47
Q

Developing an individualized plan (NDIS)

4 things

A

**access mainstream services: **HC, education. public housing, aged care and justice systam
access community services and support: sporting clubs, libraries, charities, community groups
maintain informal support arrangements: the unpaid help they get from friends and family that is part of most peoples life
receive reasonable and necessary funded support: financial support that the NDIS will offer

48
Q

NDIS areas of consideration

A

Funding: funding support and assist technology
Sustainability: individualised plan means people receive the support necessary
Access: All aus w disability reveive reasonable and necessary funded support
Equity: Through insuring ppl with a disability, their carers also recieve access to support

49
Q

PHI definition

A

a type of insurance under which members pay a premium in return for payment towards health related services not covered by medicare eg dental, physio, psych, chiro, glasses, hearing aids and ambulance

50
Q

Gap payment

what is it

A

out of pocket expenses. the higher the premium the less GAP

51
Q

Incentives for people to have PHI

4 things

A

Age based discount: can offer ppl under 30 a discount. The younger the person, the greater the discount can be
Insurance Rebate: There was a rebate for those that took out PHI. the more you make the less rebate
Lifetime Health cover: if you take out PHI over 31 y/o you pay extra. having PHI for over 10 years in a row will remove loading
Medicare levy surcharge: you earn more and dont have PHI you will have to pay extra tax

52
Q

3 advantages for PHI

A
  • choice of doctor while in public/private hospitals
  • reduced wait times
  • depending on coverage levels, covers services such as dental, psych, chiro, optometry and dietetics
53
Q

3 disadvantages for PHI

A
  • costly in terms of premiums
  • sometimes have a ‘gap’ so individuals have to pay out of pocket
  • polices can be complex to understand
54
Q

PHI areas of consideration

A

Funding: subsidising the cost of treatment for policy holders funded by its members
Sustainability: rebates and lifetime cover assists in providing funds for the health system and less burden on public system
Access: pebates make it more affordable for low income earners.
Equity: low income earners can access services not normally covered under medicare. low income earners dont have to pay medicare levy

55
Q

What is the NDIS

A

a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with disabilities and their families and carers. Assist in them living an ordinary life

56
Q

how do they develop an individualized plan (NDIS)

4 things

A

Access mainstream services: hc, education, public housing etc
Access community services and support: sport clubs, libraries, charities etc
maintain informal support arrangements: friends and family help
Receive reasonable and necessary funded support: give finacial support that is necessary for them to live an ordinary life

57
Q

4 areas of consideration for NDIS

A

Funding: funding support and assist technology
Sustain: Indiv plan means ppl only reveive support necessary
Access: All aus w disability receive reasonable and necessary funded support
Equity: through insuring ppl w a disability, their carers also receive access to support

58
Q

Skin cancer as a health initiative

what is it?, Risks,

A
  • skin cancer is a disease where abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissues.
  • family history/ genetic
  • susceptibility/ working outside
  • UV exposure
59
Q

What is the gift of Gallang

what were the 2 components

A
  • was created after a cluster of suicides in the community of Inala in an attempt to create hope, resilliance and wellbeing. Aimed at young school kids
  • ongoing community engagement via cultural night
  • school based prevention programs
60
Q

Australian dietary guideline number 1

A

to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight, be physically active and chose amounts of nutritious foods to meet your energy needs

61
Q

aus dietary guideline number 2

A

enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the 5 food groups, Veg, fruit, grains, meat/alternative and dairy

62
Q

Aus dietary guideline number 3

A

limit intake of foods containing sat fat, added sugar, added salt and alcohol

63
Q

aus dietary guideline number 4

A

encourage support and promote breast feeding

64
Q

Aus dietary guideline number 5

A

care for your food, prepare and store safely

65
Q

Nutrition Austalia healthy eating pyramid

government run?, what guidelines doe it reflect? what does it contain?

A
  • non government organidation
  • follows ADG and is updated regularly
  • visual
  • limit salt/sugar
  • reflective of GL 2 and 3 (does not mention alcohol or sat fats)
  • more food consumed is larger portion of pyramid
66
Q

Australian Guide to Healthy Eating

what GD is it reflective of? circle

A
  • Guidelines 2 and 3
  • shows discretionary foods
  • visual
  • does not account for differences in individual needs
67
Q

Challenges in dietary change

A
  • food security:low income rely on cheap precessed foods
  • knowledge: lack of nutritional knowledge
  • time constraints: little time available to prepare food so choose conveinient options
  • attitudes and beliefs: some diets restrict nutrients, philosophical beliefs
68
Q

Define health promotion

A

the process of allowing a person to take over and improve their health

HHD (9 decks)

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