Models of health (BIG SAC) Flashcards
what are the 4 models of health
- old public health
- biomedical
- social
- ottowa charter
Public health definition
government or community actions ocused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease
Old public health definition
what does it include, time period
1900s
Public health actions that are implemented by the government that mainly focus on changing the physical envuronment and grew out og the understanding of infectious disease.
INCLUDES: safe water/ sanitation/ sewage disposal/ improved nutrition/ housing conditions/ work conditions/ quarantine
Old public health policies
- Quaratine laws
- food quality regulation
- housing regulation
- workplace regulation
Old public health practices
- improved sanitation
- mass vaccination
- provision of clean water
Quarantine definition
Laws that require a person, animsl, plant or any type of material that might be carrying an infectious agent to be kept isolated to prevent the spread of disease.
Biomedical approach definition
focuses on the biological aspects of disease and illness. it is a medical model of care practiced ny doctors and is associated with the diagnosis, cure and treatment of disease
3 Advantages of biomedical approach
- improves quality of life (reduced chronic/acute pain)
- quick and effective treatment
- extends life expectancy
2 disadvantages of biomedical approach
- does not focus on cause factor
- because it relies on medical interventions so is very *costly *
3 types of advances in medical technology
- diagnostic tools and equipment
- medical procedures
- pharmaceutical drugs
what do diagnostic tools and equipment include
x rays, ultrasounds, CT scans, MRI, genetic testing
what do medical procedures include
organ transplants, hip/knee replacements/ key-hole surgery, robotic organs, artificial organs, IVF, chemotherapy and radiation
what do pharaceutical drugs include
hypertension medication, anti-depressants, adcanced vaccinations, ventolin, antibiotics, penicilin
New Public Health
definition
- An approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour change to one that considers the way in which physical, sociocultural and political environment impact of health
- social model comes under new public health
Social model of health
definition
a conceptual framework within which improvements in H+WB are achieved by directing effort towards addressig sociocultural, economic and environmental.
- developed in response to emerging lifestyle diseases
- educating the public
5 principles of social model of health
- Acts to enable access to healthcare
- Reduce inequlities
- Empowers individuals + communities
- Address the broader determinants of health
- involves inter-Sectoral collaboration
Acts to enable access to healthcare
A
address the social and envirnomental barriers that may restrict access to HC eg location and $
Reduce inequalities
R
reduce barriers that prevent people from enjoying good health eg gender, income and race
Empowers individuals and communities
E
Give people the knowledge and skills they nedd to allow people to participate positively in decisions impacting health
Address the broader determinants
A
focus on more than behavioural factors. Social, economic and environmentl factors
involves inter-Sectorial collaboration
S
Government and non-government organisations working together to achieve better health outcomes for all.
4 Advantages of social model of health
- promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in preventing diseases
- less expensive than the biomedical approach
- focuses on vulnerable population groups
- Education can be passed through generations
4 disadvantages of social model of health
- not every illness/condition acn be prevented
- does not address health and wellebing concerns of individuals
- health promotion messages may be ignored
- does not promote the development of technology and medical knowledge.
3 basic strategies for health promotion (Ottawa Charter)
explain each one
Advoctate: actions that seek to gain support
Enable: reducing inequity b/w population groups by ensuring access to education, employment etc
Mediate: help grous solve conflict b/w groups leading to better health outcomes.
5 action ares of the Ottawa Charter
acronym
Bad Cats Smell Dead Rats
- building health public policy
- create supportive environments
- strengthen community action
- develop personal skills
- reorient health services
Building health public policy
description and 3 examples
relates to decisions directly made by the government regaarding laws and policies that make it more difficult to people to undertake unhealthy behaviours
eg
* removing tax on unprocessed food
* alcohol and smoking tax
* banning smoking in public places
Create supportive environments
description and 3 examples
recognises the impact that the broader determints have on H+WB and HS. Promotes healthy physical and sociocultural environments
eg
- establishment of quitline
- shaded areas in school
- investing in sustainable energy
Strengthen community action
description and 2 egs
building links b/w individuals and the community. working together to achieve a common goal which increases the likelihood for it to be effective
eg
- Cental Australian Aboriginal Congress
- Immunisation strategies school, media etc working together
Develop personal skills
description and 3 egs
gain education so can gain health related knowledge and skils that allow ppl to make informed decisions
eg
- health cnetre running cooking classes
- educating parents
- quit campaign eductaing about dangers of smoking
Reorient health services
description and 3 egs
- means addressing all factors that influence H+WB.
changing the health system so it promotes H+WB rather than diagnosing and treating (biomedical model). Requires a shift towards health promotion
eg - doctors discussion around healthy eating rather than just surgery and medicine
- GP’s recommending physical activity
- funding for walk groups
Areas reflected thoughout the Aus healthcare system
4 things and explain
FUNDING: relates to the fincancial resources available to fund our health system
ACCESS: people being able to access HC without barriers
SUSTAINABILITY: meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
EQUITY: closely linked to fairness and social justice. Giving all people equal and fair access
What is medicare
Australias universal health insurance scheme that gives all australians and those with reciprocal agreements access to subsidized healthcare by the federal government
How is medicare funded?
3 things and explain
- Medicare Levy: additional 2% tax on most tax payers
- Medicare Levy Surcharge: burden moves away from medicare to PHI
- General tax:
What does medicare cover?
both in and out of hospital expenses
OUT OF HOSPITAL EXPENSES:
consultaion fees related to essential HC, doctors and specialists, X rays, pathology, eye test performed by optometrist, some dental, most surgery performed by a GP
IN HOSPITAL EXPENSES:
public patient in public hospital, it covers everything
public patient in private hospital, covers 75%
What is a scheduled Fee?
Medicare sets a scheduled fee for services. If the doctor charges more than the scheduled fee, the patient has to pay the differnece out of pocket.
What is the medicare safety net?
provides extra fincanical support for those that incur dignificant out of pocket expenses when they have contributed a certain amount
relevent for low income populations
Services not covered by medicare include…
- non essential services
- ambulance
- most dental treatments/examination
- costs associated with PHI
- glasses, hearing aids etc
Advantages of medicare
4 advs
- choice of GP for out of hospital treatment
- accessible to all aus
- covers tests
- medicare safety net
disadvantages of medicare
- no choice of doctor for in hospital treatment
- waiting lists
- no lternative therapy covered
- still may be out of pocket costs for GP
Areas of consideration for medicare
funding, sustainablity, access, equity
FUNDING: subsidizing GP and treatments in hospital
SUSTAINABILITY: only covering clinically necessary treatment saves vital funds
ACCESS: provided through tele-health increasing acces
EQUITY: medicare safety net ensures that frequent users are protected
Pharmaceutical Benifit Scheme (PBS)
an aus gov program that provides subsidized prescription medication to all aus residents an dthose covered by recirocal HC agreements
How does the PBS operate?
aims to provide subsidized vital medication to all AUS. medications are assessed on effectiveness, safety and cost effectiveness before being put on the PBS register
Costs of PBS for individuals and nation
putting medicine on the PBS is cost effective for teh aus HC system as it will reduce costs of future treatments.
co-payment is the cost to individuals. when co-payment gets to certain figures, the cost of future medication will drop for frequent users
4 advantages of the PBS
- provides access to subsidized vital madication
- includes PBS safety net
- provides additional support for concession holders
- access to medication at local pharmacies
3 disadvantages of PBS
- places sig financial burden on federal government
- does not cover all medication
- for most australians there will be co-payments
NDIS definition
a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities and their families and carers to assist then in living an ordinary life
Developing an individualized plan (NDIS)
4 things
**access mainstream services: **HC, education. public housing, aged care and justice systam
access community services and support: sporting clubs, libraries, charities, community groups
maintain informal support arrangements: the unpaid help they get from friends and family that is part of most peoples life
receive reasonable and necessary funded support: financial support that the NDIS will offer
NDIS areas of consideration
Funding: funding support and assist technology
Sustainability: individualised plan means people receive the support necessary
Access: All aus w disability reveive reasonable and necessary funded support
Equity: Through insuring ppl with a disability, their carers also recieve access to support
PHI definition
a type of insurance under which members pay a premium in return for payment towards health related services not covered by medicare eg dental, physio, psych, chiro, glasses, hearing aids and ambulance
Gap payment
what is it
out of pocket expenses. the higher the premium the less GAP
Incentives for people to have PHI
4 things
Age based discount: can offer ppl under 30 a discount. The younger the person, the greater the discount can be
Insurance Rebate: There was a rebate for those that took out PHI. the more you make the less rebate
Lifetime Health cover: if you take out PHI over 31 y/o you pay extra. having PHI for over 10 years in a row will remove loading
Medicare levy surcharge: you earn more and dont have PHI you will have to pay extra tax
3 advantages for PHI
- choice of doctor while in public/private hospitals
- reduced wait times
- depending on coverage levels, covers services such as dental, psych, chiro, optometry and dietetics
3 disadvantages for PHI
- costly in terms of premiums
- sometimes have a ‘gap’ so individuals have to pay out of pocket
- polices can be complex to understand
PHI areas of consideration
Funding: subsidising the cost of treatment for policy holders funded by its members
Sustainability: rebates and lifetime cover assists in providing funds for the health system and less burden on public system
Access: pebates make it more affordable for low income earners.
Equity: low income earners can access services not normally covered under medicare. low income earners dont have to pay medicare levy
What is the NDIS
a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with disabilities and their families and carers. Assist in them living an ordinary life
how do they develop an individualized plan (NDIS)
4 things
Access mainstream services: hc, education, public housing etc
Access community services and support: sport clubs, libraries, charities etc
maintain informal support arrangements: friends and family help
Receive reasonable and necessary funded support: give finacial support that is necessary for them to live an ordinary life
4 areas of consideration for NDIS
Funding: funding support and assist technology
Sustain: Indiv plan means ppl only reveive support necessary
Access: All aus w disability receive reasonable and necessary funded support
Equity: through insuring ppl w a disability, their carers also receive access to support
Skin cancer as a health initiative
what is it?, Risks,
- skin cancer is a disease where abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissues.
- family history/ genetic
- susceptibility/ working outside
- UV exposure
What is the gift of Gallang
what were the 2 components
- was created after a cluster of suicides in the community of Inala in an attempt to create hope, resilliance and wellbeing. Aimed at young school kids
- ongoing community engagement via cultural night
- school based prevention programs
Australian dietary guideline number 1
to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight, be physically active and chose amounts of nutritious foods to meet your energy needs
aus dietary guideline number 2
enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the 5 food groups, Veg, fruit, grains, meat/alternative and dairy
Aus dietary guideline number 3
limit intake of foods containing sat fat, added sugar, added salt and alcohol
aus dietary guideline number 4
encourage support and promote breast feeding
Aus dietary guideline number 5
care for your food, prepare and store safely
Nutrition Austalia healthy eating pyramid
government run?, what guidelines doe it reflect? what does it contain?
- non government organidation
- follows ADG and is updated regularly
- visual
- limit salt/sugar
- reflective of GL 2 and 3 (does not mention alcohol or sat fats)
- more food consumed is larger portion of pyramid
Australian Guide to Healthy Eating
what GD is it reflective of? circle
- Guidelines 2 and 3
- shows discretionary foods
- visual
- does not account for differences in individual needs
Challenges in dietary change
- food security:low income rely on cheap precessed foods
- knowledge: lack of nutritional knowledge
- time constraints: little time available to prepare food so choose conveinient options
- attitudes and beliefs: some diets restrict nutrients, philosophical beliefs
Define health promotion
the process of allowing a person to take over and improve their health
