health and human development in a global context

Question 1

social characteristics

Answer 1

• higher levels of gender equality
• birth and population rates
• education and employment levels
• social security systems
• health systems
• access to technology
• legal systems

Question 2

economic characteristics of high income countries

Answer 2

• higher levels of education obtained
• higher average income
• lower levels of poverty
• wide range of industries
• lower population growth
• improved infrastructure

Question 3

economic characteristics of middle income countries

Answer 3

reflects aspects of both high and ow income in relation to trade. many middle income are experiencing increased trade opportunities and a growing economy

Question 4

economic characteristics of low income countries

Answer 4

• limited range of industries
• more susceptible to climate change
• less ability to trade and improve GDP
• responsible for large amounts of debt to high income countries
• lack of infrastructure eg rails, roads, air and sea which inhibits their ability to trade
• high levels of poverty

Question 5

poverty definition

Answer 5

the proportion of people living on less than US$1.90 per day
also is the lack of access to food, services and essential goods

Question 6

Gender equality

HIC and LIC

Answer 6

• HIC: both males and females have opportunity and choice in education, employment etc.
• LIC: females do not have the same opportunities as males eg less education, often working in fields, preparing water and meals

Question 7

Birth and population rates

HIC, MIC, LIC

Answer 7

• HIC: low birth rates of population growth.
• MIC & LIC: may not have resources and w high population the gov is not able to provide services eg education, HC (maternal) and social security

Question 8

Education and employment levels

HIC,MIC, LIC

Answer 8

HIC: more educationa dn employment. they have choices about eduation and careers.
LIC: dont have a developed education system
MIC & HIC: education is able to be funded by the gov

Question 9

Social security systems

HIC, MIC & LIC

Answer 9

• HIC: high levels of economic developemt and stable political systems increase ability of gov who can also provide funded support
• MIC & LIC: gov cannot provide assistance to citizens

Question 10

Health systems

HIC, MIC & LIC

Answer 10

• HIC: have public health systems and can access basic HC when needed.
• LIC&MIC: lack access to HC eg maternal

Question 11

Access to technology

HIC, LIC

Answer 11

• HIC: technology is more accessible b/c of resources, infrastructure and education
• LIC: lack access to technology impactong citizens ability to gain education and income

Question 12

Legal systems

HIC, LIC

Answer 12

• HIC: strong political and legal systems
• LIC: unstable gov and political unrest increasing risk of civial conflict

Question 13

Safe (clean water) definition

Answer 13

water that is not contaminated with disease causing pathogens (bacteria, viruses,chemcials)

Question 14

safe clean water impacts of LIC

link yo HS and BOD

Answer 14

• increasedrisk of cholera -> malnutrition
• collecting water is dangerous and exhausting
• increase stress for women
• collecting water decreases time women can spend in the community/going to school
• children spend time collecting rather than working or going to school t/f harder to gain education and income
• inability to grow crops and water livestock leading to food insecurity

Question 15

sanitation definition

Answer 15

refers to the removal of human urine and faeces but can also refer to maintenance of hygenic conditions, garbage collection and waste water removal

Question 16

overall impacts caused by sanitation

Answer 16

• build up of garbage leads to unsanitary environments
• lack of access to toilets = dangerous
• poor sewage removal increases risk of contaminating water
• unsanitary environments decrease amount of land available for housing, food production and safe play areas

Question 17

LIC impacts from sanitation

HS/BOD LINKS

Answer 17

• ^ rates of child mortality b/c catch communicable dieseases eg through choolera through playing in unsanitary environments
• ^ spread of cholera, malaria and hookworn ^ morbidity
• deaths from waterborne disease ^ DALYs attributed to life lost b/c of premature death
• women/chldren in LIC often earn income as street cleaners or scavengers/collectors of rubbish which can ^ BOD attributed to YLD

Question 18

individual impacts of poverty

Answer 18

many ppl are born into poverty leading to not having basic needs met in food, shelter, water, HC, education and not having the capacity to improve their living standards

Question 19

country impacts on poverty

Answer 19

unable to provide resources such as safe water/ sanitation, education, HC, shelter etc. Leads to low literacy rates and immunization rates, high IMR and MMR, high rates of communicable diseases

Question 20

impact of poverty on health status and burden of disease

Answer 20

• ^ in the BOD attributed to malnutrition and associated illness due to food insecurity
• lower LE due to less access to HC, food and a decent standard of living
• high imfant and maternal mortality rates
• low rates of immunisation, increasing rates of communicable diseases

Question 21

globalisation definition

Answer 21

globalisation makes it easier for companies to distribute, market and sell their srvices and products around the globe

Question 22

impacts of marketing tabacco to MIC and LIC

Answer 22

• laws, taxes and regulations are almost non existent in LIC and MIC
• lack of education and health literacy
• lack of health promotion interventions
• higher population growth

Question 23

impacts of alcohol in HIC,MIC and LIC

Answer 23

• LI and MI increased consumption b/c lack of resources to educate, control and care for those suffering the negative effects of it
• more money spent on alcohol menas less money available for food clothing shelter etc
• energy dense

Question 24

double burden of disease definition

Answer 24

LIC + MIC have high rates of undernutrition and other infectious diseases while also experiencing increasing rates of obesity and CVD

Question 25

Inequlaity and discrimination impacts in HIC, MIC + LIC

Answer 25

HIC there are laws and regulations to fight discrimination based on race, religion, gender and sex but not all ppl lving in MI + LIC experience what should be guaranteed for their human rights

Question 26

Gender differences in HIC, MIC, LIC

Answer 26

• females less liekly to gain education, land, food, HC and employment
• more likely to be subject to violence
• prostitution -> HIV
• L/MIC not protected against early marriage, child labour or exploitation -> ^IMR, U5MR, MMR, violence etc

Question 27

Race inequality and discrimination

Answer 27

• race discrimination may lead to genocide, intolerence, destroying lives ad communities. Impacting ethnic minorities/indigenous and often resulting in popn fleeing their own country

Question 28

religion discrimination and inequlaity

Answer 28

H,M,LIC face discrimination b/c of their beliefs
can result in restrictons of cultural, economic, social and political rights
deceased access to education, HC etc

Question 29

Sexual orientation and gender identity inequality and discrimination

Answer 29

• high rates of stress (MHW- YLD), bullying etc which could lead to school drop outs
• not all HIC recogise gender identities let alone LIC + MIC
• lack access to gender sensitive HC