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MOD > SA toxicology > Flashcards

SA toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Within what time limit should emesis be performed whilst treating toxicosis?

A

Within 3 hours

  • 6hrs for aspirin
  • 12hrs for chocolate
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2
Q

In cases of occular contamination how long should the animals eye be irrigated?

With what?

A

Saline

20-30 minutes

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3
Q

What is the MOA of apomorphine?

What are the potential routes of administration?

A

Dopamine agonist

Can be administered parenterally or inserting a tablet into the conjunctiva until effect

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4
Q

Activated charcoal is an example of what type of substance?

What is its MOA?

A

Adsorbents

Binds the poison and prevents absorption from the GI tract.

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5
Q

If using activated charcoal to treat drug intoxication how often should the half dose be readministered?

Why?

A

Every 4-8 hrs

The substance interferes with enterohepatic circulation

eg NSAIDs, methylxanthines, ivermectin

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6
Q

What are the contraindications to emesis?

A
  • Vomiting already
  • No gag reflex
  • Central depression - unconscious, depressed
  • Seizuring
  • Corrosives, irritants or volatile products have been ingested
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7
Q

Why is apomorphine NOT used in cats?

A

The have few CNS dopamine receptors & so the drug is not effective as an emetic

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8
Q

What is a cathartic?

Give an example.

A

Speeds up defacation

eg Liquid paraffin

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9
Q

Which clotting factors are effected by vitamin K antagonism?

A

2, 7, 9, 10

Vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin competitively inhibit K1 epoxide reductase and prevent factor activation.

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10
Q

Describe the effect that vitamin K antagonists have on coagulation screening assays.

A

Initially a prolonged PT (since factor 7 has the shortest half life)

Secondly prolonged PT and APTT

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11
Q

Konakion

A

Vitamin K1

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12
Q

Cholecalciferol

A

Inactive form of vitamin D

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13
Q

What clinical signs are seen with Cholecalciferol intoxication?

A

Hypercalcaemia

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14
Q

Outline the differentials for hypercalcaemia.

A
  1. H - hyperparathyroidism
  2. A - addisons
  3. R - renal
  4. D - vitamin D toxicosis
  5. I - idiopathic
  6. O - osteolysis
  7. N - neoplasia
  8. S - spurius - dehyd/lipaemia
  9. G - granulomatous
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15
Q

What clinical signs are seen with intoxication with Cholinesterase inhibitors?

A
  1. D - diarrhoea
  2. U - urination
  3. M - miosis
  4. B - bronchoconstriction
  5. B - bradycardia
  6. E - emesis
  7. L - lacrimation
  8. S - salivation

Muscarinic, nicotinic and CNS effects

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16
Q

Examples of cholinesterase inhibitors.

A

Organophosphates

Carbamates

Insecticides/ fungicides

17
Q

What three drugs are used in treatment of cholinesterase inhibitors?

A
  1. Diazepam - reduce seizures
  2. Atropine - muscarini antagonist
  3. 2-PAM - reduce nicotinic associated muscle tremors
18
Q

Why do most pyrethroid intoxications occur?

What clinical signs are associated with intoxication?

A

Giving a dog prep to a cat - cat licks off prep whilst grooming + cutaneous absorption

  • XS salivation
  • tremors
  • ataxia
  • depression
  • hyper/hypothermia
19
Q

Paraquat

C/S

A

Toxic herbicide

  • GIT
  • Acute tubular necrosis
  • Pulomnary oedema and haemorrhage - lung accumulation
  • Usually fatal
20
Q

The ingredient that is toxic in slug pellets is …..

MOA

C/S

A

Metaldehyde - reduced GABA inhibition

  • Hyperaesthesia
  • Neurotox/hepatotox
  • Anxiety/restlessness
  • Salivation
  • Tremors
  • Tachycardia
  • Seizures
  • Death
21
Q

Why can paracetamol NOT be used in cats?

A

They are unable to glucoronidate paracetamol and so toxic intermediates of metabolism accumulate

22
Q

How does paracetamol cause toxicity?

C/S

A

Causes oxidative damage to RBCs and formation of methaemoglobin.

  • V+
  • Abdo pain
  • Tachycardia
  • MetHb mm - chocolate coloured
  • Depression
  • Hepatic failure
23
Q

Cimetidine

A

cytochrome P450 inhibitor - may reduce formation of toxic intermediates of paracetamol toxicosis

24
Q

N-acetyl cysteine

A

Acts as glutathione - aids glucoronidation

25
Q

What clinical signs are associated with NSAID intoxication?

A
  • GIT
    • mild epigastric pain
    • erosive gastritis, ulceration and haemorrhage
  • Decreased PLT function
  • Bone marrow supression
  • Seisures
  • Nephrotoxicity (after 3-5 days) - casts
26
Q

What metabolites of elythlene glycol cause toxicosis?

What effects do each have?

A
  1. Glycolic acid - metabolic acidosis
  2. Oxalic acid - +Ca2+ in blood vessels and renal tubules - obstruction/ epithelial damage, hypocalcaemia
27
Q

Describe the three phases of Ethylene glycol intoxication.

A
  1. Phase 1 - within 30m (lasts 2-12hrs)
    1. Ataxia, >HR/RR, PUPD, V+
  2. Phase 2 - 8-24hrs post ingestion
    1. Metabolic acidosis, miosis, anorexic, v+, depression, coma, death
  3. Phase 3 - 1-3days post ingestion
    1. Oliguric, nephromegaly + pain, oral ulceration, v+, seizures
28
Q

Describe the renal findings associated with ethylene glycol intoxication.

A
  • Calcium oxalate crystaluria
  • Azotaemia
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Hypophosphataemia
  • Metabolic acidosis
29
Q

Why is decontamination of a cat which has ingested ethylene glycol not useful?

Which specific therapy is used in these cases?

A

EG is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract and so it is usually too late.

IV Ethanol

30
Q

Which human drugs are associated with pet intoxication?

Outline one clinical sign for each.

A
  1. Marijuana - hypothermia, munchies, lethergy
  2. Cocaine - restless, hyperactive, hyperthermia, muscle tremors
  3. Amphetamines - stimulant - tachycardia, restless, seizures, death
  4. Heroin - drowsy, ataxia, pulm oedema, resp arrest, emesis, delerium, seizures
31
Q

Oxidative damage, heinz body formation and methaemaglobinaemia are associated with intoxication of which vegetables?

A

Onion

Garlic

Leek

32
Q

Spoilage of foods is associated with which toxicosis?

C/S

A

Mycotoxins

  • Muscle tremors
  • V&D
  • Lactic acidosis
  • Rhabdomyolysis
  • Hyperthermia +++
33
Q

AKI (acute rubular necrosis) is associated with intoxication with which fruit?

A

Grapes/raisins

34
Q

Methylxanthines

A

Caffine

Thiobromine - chocolate, tea etc

35
Q

What clinical signs are associated with methylxanthine intoxication?

A
  1. GI upset
  2. Cardiac - supraventricular arrhythmia
  3. CNS - tremors/seizures
36
Q

Profound hypoglycaemua due to excessive insulin release is associated with intoxication with which substance?

A

Xylitol

37
Q

Name some breeds of dog which can be affected by avermectin toxicity.

What anthelmintic should be used as an alternative in these breeds?

A
  • Collies
  • OESD
  • Australian shepherd
  • Shetland sheepdog
  • GSD

Selamectin

38
Q

What clinical signs are associated with lead intoxication?

A
  • Decreased Hb synthesis
  • GIT
  • CNS
  • Anaemia - regenerative
  • Basophilic stippling
39
Q
A

MOD (7 decks)

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