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MOD > Mastitis > Flashcards

Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the difference between clinical and sub clinical mastitis.

A

Clinical results in clinical signs - changes in milk, udder and cow.
Subclinical results in no clinical signs - changes in SCC, milk quality and yield

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2
Q

Describe the grading system of clinical mastitis.

A

1 Mild - changes in milk
2a Acute - changes in milk, hot, painful udder
2b Chronic - changes in milk, hard and lumpy udder
3 - changes in milk, udder, sick cow

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3
Q

Describe the consequences of mastitis infection.

A

Infection cleared
Chronically sisters infection - spreads within herd
Reduced milk yield and permanent udder damage
Death - involuntary culling

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4
Q

Name some of the factors which can predispose cows to mastitis.

A 
Genetics
Nutrition
Stage of lactation - dry period (less likely) 
Vaccination
Stress 
Poor management
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5
Q

How do mastitis pathogen enter the udder?

A

Bacteria enter the teat through the open canal

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6
Q

How long after milking do teat canals remain open?

A

20-30 mins

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7
Q

Why would milk let down occur before milking begins?

A

Conditioning

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8
Q

How can bacteria be incorporated into the drying off cows udder?

A

The keratin plug which forms traps bacteria within the udder at drying off.

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9
Q

Describe the difference between contagious and environmental mastitis pathogens.

A

Contagious are obligatory - they must live on the cow - spread from cow to cow.
Environmental - live in slurry, bedding, soil etc - infection occurs when teats come into contact with contaminated material

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10
Q

Name the three main mastitis pathogens in the uk.

A

Staph aureus
Strep uberis
Coliforms - E. coli, klebsiella pneum

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11
Q

Staph aureus

Contagious or environmental

A

Contagious

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12
Q

Strep agalactiae

Contagious or environmental

A

Contagious

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13
Q

Strep dysgalactiae

Contagious or environmental

A

Contagious

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14
Q

Mycoplasma

Contagious or environmental

A

Contagious

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15
Q

Step uberis

Contagious or environmental

A

Generally environmental but some contagious adapted strains

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16
Q

Ecoli

Contagious or environmental

A

Environmental

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17
Q

Describe three methods of bacterial identification of mastitis pathogens.

A

Culture and sensitivity - alive bacteria only
Per - detects alive or dead bacteria
Pattern detection

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18
Q

Chronically high SCC in individual cows, herds.

Suggests which type of bacteria?

A

Gram positive

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19
Q

Quick spike in SCC and quick recovery.

Suggests which type of bacteria?

A

Gram negative

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20
Q

A SCC or CM in the first months post calving.

Suggests infection picked up when?

A

Dry period

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21
Q

Good low herd SCC but lots of clinical mastitis.

Suggests which type of bacteria.

A

Gram negatives

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22
Q

Describe the morphology and test findings associated with Staph aureus?

A

Gram positive cocci
Coagulase positive
Causes hemolysis on blood agar

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23
Q

Where on and off the cow could staph aureus be found?

A

Mammary gland, tear skin, tonsils, vaginal and millers hands

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24
Q

Describe the fomite sources of contagious mastitis.

A

Clusters, hands, udder cloths, heifers pre-calving teat sucking.

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25
Q

Which bacteria is able to persist intracellularly in the cow and is therefore difficult for the cows immune system to clear without ABs?

A

Staph aureus

26
Q

How does staph aureus cause abscesses?

A

Damage to the duct system leads to deep pockets of infection in secretory system.

27
Q

Describe three of the virulence factors which are use by staph aureus?

A

Cell wall protein A prevents neutrophil recognition
Survive in keratin in teat canal
Survives intracellularly and can multiply in phagocytes

28
Q

Why is staph aureus a difficult mastitis type to treat?

A

Difficult to detect due to being intracellular
Udder fibrosis and abscessation make treatment difficult
Can be pen resistant
Ab response is difficult

29
Q

Describe a treatment plan for staph aureus mastitis?

A

During lactation - recommend long duration of treatment, intramammary and systemic
Dry off and treat
Cull chronic
Dry off affected quarter

30
Q

What factors decrease the chance of curing clinical staph aureus mastitis?

A

Older cows > 5 lactations
Three or more repeated infections
Chronic increase in SCC
Penicillin resistance

31
Q

What antibiotic would commonly be chosen in cases of penicillin resistant staph aureus?

A

Cloxacillin tube and tylosin systemically

32
Q

Describe the morphology of strep agalactiae

A

Gram positive cocci
Non haemolytic
Very small colonies

33
Q

What clinical signs are associated with strep agalactiae?

A

Subclinically high SCC
Grade 1-2 mastitis
No systemic illness

34
Q

Treatment for streptococcus agalactiae?

A

Beta lactam

Improved parkour hygiene!

35
Q

Describe the morphology and culture findings of streptococcus dysgalactiae.

A

Gram positive coccus
Edwards medium - small colonies
Alpha haemolysis

36
Q

Name two mycoplasma species which can cause mastitis?

A

M Bovis

M californicum

37
Q

True or false.

Mycoplasma is highly contagious.

A

True - it is also difficult to treat since the cells lack cell wall and are therefore not a target for beta lactams

38
Q

Describe the appearance of “milk” from a cow infected with mycoplasma.

A

Very thick - yoghurt-like

39
Q

Describe the pathogenicity of mycoplasma in clinical mastitis?

A

LPS stimulates hosts immunity and causes epithelial degeneration, outpouring of leukocytes which causes abscess formation, alveolar hypertrophy, fibroplasia around ducts.
This leads to destruction of the affected quarter

40
Q

How long can cows shed mycoplasma for?

A

Months or years

41
Q

CNS

A

Coagulase negative staphylococci

42
Q

CNS can be identified as a mastitis pathogen but why is it always prudent to query positive results?

A

May occur due to teat skin contamination

43
Q

Describe the shedding pattern of staph aureus.

A

Intermittent and cyclic - if culture is negative then re sample

44
Q

Describe the morphology and culture findings associated with E. coli.

A

Creamy white colonies on blood agar
Haemolytic and non haemolytic forms
Gram negative rods

45
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of environmental mastitis caused by E. coli.

A

LPS endotoxin damages vascular and secretory tissue.

46
Q

How can endotoxaemia caused by E. coli be treated?

A

Stripping out the affected quarter.

47
Q

Which grade of E. coli mastitis is the most common ?

A

Grade 3

48
Q

Describe the treatment of grade 1-2 and grade 3 mastitis?

A

Grade 1-2 = self cure (intra-mammary antibiotics)

Grade 3 = strip out affected quarter (oxytocin), iv and systemic antibiotics (PS or oxytet), NSAIDs, IVFT

49
Q

How could you control E. coli mastitis on farm?

A 
Times of importance - dry period and early lactations proved hygiene 
PMTD
Controlled loafing time - ensure eating
Appropriate dry cow therapy
Vaccination - only reduces
50
Q

Describe the morphological and culture findings associated with strep uberis.

A

Non-haemolytic
Brown colonies on Edwards
Gram positive cocci

51
Q

Bovine faeces, straw yard housing and straw cubicles are associated with which mastitic pathogen.

A

Strep uberis

52
Q

How does strep uberis cause disease and persist in the udder?

A

Hides in mammary epithelial cells to avoid immune detection
Adhesion molecules attach mammary epithelium
Hyaluronic acid capsule may prevent ab or neutrophil attachment
May resist phagocytosis killing
Inhibits PMN pseudopodia production

53
Q

Describe the treatment plan for strep uberis mastitis.

A

Prolonged penicillin intramammary courses
Penethamate a penicillin ester which improves penetration
Intracellular ab - macrolides
Cull chronic

54
Q

Name three other environmental mastitis pathogens and the management practices they are associated with.

A

Klebsiella - sawdust, dirty parlour, acute mastitis
Bacillus cereus and lichens forms - Brewers grain, dirty parlour wash, acute
Pseudomonas - sawdust bed, poor hygiene
Yeasts - wet mouldy bedding,

55
Q

Which herd members are often associated with summer mastitis?

A

Outdoor heifers, dry cows

56
Q

Which pathogens and vector ectoparasite are associated with summer mastitis?

A

H irritans

T pyogenes, peptococcus indolicus, strep dysgalactiae, bacteria des melaninogenicus, fusiforms necrophorum

57
Q

Describe the clinical signs associated with summer mastitis.

A

Hot, hard swollen painful udder
Thick purulent secretion
Lame or systemic illness
Blind teat end when cow comes into milk

58
Q

How can summer mastitis be treated and controlled?

A

Treatment - systemic antibiotics or amputation of the affected quarter
Control - fly control, remove affected from the group, increase freq of dry cow therapy

59
Q

Which pathogen does start vac protect against?

A

Staph aureus, coli forms, CNS

60
Q

What is mastitis?

A

Inflammation of mammary gland

MOD (7 decks)

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