FA Reproductive pathogens Flashcards
Define Metritis Describe the clinical signs.
Inflammation of the uterus caused by bacterial pathogens. Reddish-brown foul smelling uterine exudate, may show fever, under 21 days in milk.
Name four bacterial causes of metritis.
Escherichia coli, Trueperella pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Prevotella spp.
Describe a treatment plan for metritis.
Abs - neomycin (beta lact, AG, TC, sulfonamides), Oxytocin - uterine evacuation, PG - induce oestrus
Which toxins cause metritis in a T. pyogenes infected cow?
Adhesion factors (FimA) - binds endometrial cells. Pyolysin - cytolysis
Which toxins cause metritis in an F. necrophorum infected cow?
Leukotoxin - toxic to leukocytes, macrophages and epithelial cells.
Define endometritis and outline the clinical signs.
Inflammation of the endometrium caused by bacterial infection. A purulent uterine discharge at greater than 21 days in milk.
Which pathogens are regularly involved in endometritis?
E. coli T. Pyogenes F. Necrophorum
What is seen on a cytological smear of an endometrium in a subclinical endometritis?
Increased PMNs on cytology. Also culture or send for PCR to confirm diagnosis
Define cervicitis/ vaginitis.
Inflammation of the cervix or vagina due to a mixed bacterial infection of dystocia related injuries.
Name a Bovine Herpes 1 syndrome.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.
What clinical signs are associated with IBR?
Nasal discharge, bronchopneumonia, increased RR, abortion at 5+ months, ulcerative mucosal lesions in calves, vaginitis
Which Campylobacter causes chronic endometritis and early embryonic death/ abortions in cows?
Campylobacter fetus venerealis
Describe the structure of C. fetus venerealis.
Gram negative rods
Define pyometra.
Intrauterine accumulation of pus.
What clinical signs are often observed alongside pyometra?
Persistent corpus luteum and no signs of heat.
Define abortion. Why would it be notifiable?
Any fetus born dead or alive at 270 days or earlier. It could be Brucellosis
How could Campylobacteriosis be treated in the cow?
Intrauterine and systemic or topical treatment with Dihydrostreptomycin. Remember bull testing is vital!
Describe the virus types of BVD.
Two genotypes 1 (EU, mod pathog) and 2 (USA ++ pathog). Each has two biotypes; cytopathic (mucosal disease in persistently infected); non-cytopathic (crosses mat-foet barrier = abortion)
How long does BVD incubate for?
5-7 days
Using a timeline describe the potential clinical signs of a BVD infection in a pregnant cow.
0-95 d - foetal reabsorption and abortion 95-120 d - Immunotolerence, PIs (ill thrift), if infected again show cytopathic signs. 120 - 285 d - Abortion, placentitis, sero +ve foetus, congenital lesion
What clinical signs are associated with BVD in a non-pregnant cow?
Conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, lethergy, decreased yield
Which Leoptospira species cause abortion in cattle?
L. interrogans/ borgpetersensii (serovar Harjo)
True or False. Cattle act as a maintenance host for Leptospira.
True - it is zoonotic
What clinical signs are associated with Leptospira infection?
Flaccid odder, retained foetal membranes, Abortion, stillbirths, weak calves, blood stained colostrum/milk
Leptospira associated with bovine abortion
Which Salmonella species is associated with bovine abortion?
Salmonella Dublin (abortion at 5-8 months)
Salmonella dublin, associated with abortion in cattle at 5-8 months
Transmission of Salmonella
Faecal-oral
Contaminated material
Pre-weaning salmonellosis is characterised by what clinical signs?
- Ill-thrift
- Lethergy
- Pyrexia
- Bloody/ watery diarrhoea
- Endotoxic shock
Brucellosis is caused by what Brucella species?
Brucella abortus - NOTIFIABLE
This reproductive pathogen is nontifiable in the UK and characterised by:
- Abortion/ premature abortion
- RFM
- Purulent placentitis
- Orchitis
Brucellosis
The reproductive pathogen is associated with:
- Abortion 5-8 months
- Pre-weaning scours/ ill thrift
Salmonella dublin
True or False
Brucellosis is a treatable pathogen.
False - infected animals are infected for life and therefore slaughter is the only option
Enzootic abortion
Chlamydophila abortus
This reproductive pathogen is characterised by:
- Sheep abort after 90days
- Vaginal discharge
- Weak lambs
- Placentitis - intercotyledonary thickening
- Lamb organ inflammation
Chlamydophila abortus
Outline the outcome of a ewe infected with Chlamydophila abortus at:
- Pre 90 days pregnancy
- 90 days pregnancy
- Non-pregnant
- CA remains extracellularly until 90 days then causes abortion
- CA causes abortion
- CA remains dormant until ewe is 90 days pregnant
Remember all ewes are immune after first infection
Outline a control protocol for Chlamydophila in sheep.
- Vaccination - Enzovax (4weeks pretupping)
- Prevent spread - isolate infected ewes and dispose of infected material
- Decrease abortion via Oxytetracycline
- DON’T buy it in!
What pathological lesions are associated with Toxoplasma gondii?
Strawberry lesions - placentitis
Mummified foetus in mid pregnancy infections
What type of vaccination is Toxovax?
Live attenutated tachyzoites
Which Salmonella species is associated with ovine abortion?
Salmonella abortus ovis (ZOONOTIC)
This reproductive pathogen is associated with ovine disease:
- Late abortion - last 1/3 of pregnancy
- Metritis following abortion
- Systemic illness
Salmonella abortus ovis
This ovine reproductive pathogen is associated with:
- Abortion in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy
- Metritis
- Zoonosis
- Source: birds
Campylobacter fetus fetus
A pestivirus associated with hairy shaker lambs.
Border disease virus
This ovine reproductive pathogen is associated with:
- Barren ewes
- Placentitis - reabsorption/ mummification/ expulsion
- Hairy shaker lambs
Border disease
Hairy shaker lamb
- Cerebella hypoplasia
- Hairy rather than wooly
- Long limbs
What happens with infection of sheep with Border disease virus at:
- Early pregnancy - 0-60 days
- Mid - 60-85 days
- Late - 85 days plus
- Early - reabsorption, abortion, still birth
- 60-85 - Abortion, hairy shakers, persistently infected
- 85 days + - Normal but Ab positive
Orthobunya virus
Schmallenberg
This reproductive pathogen is associated with mild enteric disease in cattle and in sheep:
- Increased return to serve
- Lamb birth defects - domed head, twisted spine and limbs, blindness, fitting
Schmallenberg
This reproductive pathogen, found in poor silage, is often associated with encephalitis, septicaemia and abortion in ewes.
Listeria monocytogenes
Q fever
Coxiella burnettii
