S9 L1 Applied Anatomy of the Nose, Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Air Sinuses

Question 1

Functions of the Nose and Nasal Cavity

Answer 1

Question 2

Nasal Cavity:

• What is the nasophraynx?
• Structures involved

Answer 2

Question 3

External nose:

• Structure
• Risk of fracture? Why?

Answer 3

Question 4

External nose cont.

• What is a vestibule?
• Lined with…
• What other cells does it contain?
• What is it important for?

Answer 4

Question 5

Nasal Cavity:

• Try drawing it out
• Divided into two by…

Answer 5

Question 6

Nasal Cavity:

• Lateral wall structure (2 specific ‘bits’)
• Role of these structures and how does the ‘anatomy’ in point 1 lead to their roles…

Answer 6

Question 7

What two structures drain into the nasal cavity?

Where specifically do they drain?

Answer 7

Question 8

Bones forming the Roof of the Nasal Cavity?

What’s the transsphenoidal surgical approach?

Answer 8

Question 9

Nasal Septum (which wall…?), what does it consist of?

Answer 9

Question 10

Septal Haematoma:

• What is this caused by?
• Pathophysiology of this…
• How to examine for this?
• Treatment

Answer 10

Question 11

Saddle-nose Deformity:

• Caused by…
• How does it occur?

Septal deviation:
- What is this?

Answer 11

Question 12

Nerve Innervation to Nose and Nasal Cavity:
- Sensory

Answer 12

Question 13

Lining of Nasal Cavity:

• Two main groups of lining…
• Role of each ‘type’ of membrane…

Answer 13

Question 14

Nasal Polyps:

• What are these?
• Where are these?
• Are they usually unilateral or bilateral?
• Age group?
• What do they look like to the naked eye?
• Symptoms?
• Common location of nasal polyps?
• Red flag symptom for tumour?

Answer 14

Question 15

Rhinitis:

• What is this?
• Causes?
• Symptoms?

Answer 15

Question 16

Blood Supply to Nasal Mucosa

• Nose bleed: Name, causes
• Arterial supply?
• Which arteries/structure usually effected in a nosebleed?
• How can nosebleeds usually be treated?
• Venous drainage of nasal cavity…

Answer 16

Question 17

Vasculature of the nose…
- Branches… (draw this…)

Answer 17

Question 18

Paranasal Sinus

• What is this?
• Lined with what?
• How is it named?
• Functions?
• Drain into where?
• Infections of this area? Which sinus most commonly affected?

Answer 18

Question 19

Name and describe the locations of all the sinuses
- Sensory innervations of the sinuses

Answer 19

diagram labels are wrong - look at pic on Q side of FC

Question 20

Paranasal sinuses - X-ray showing these…

Answer 20

Question 21

Acute Sinusistis

• What is this?
• Causes?
• Clinical diagnosis based on…
• Treatment

Answer 21

Question 22

Acute Sinusitis:
- Pathophysiology?

– Primary infection leads to…

• When would antibiotics be prescribed?

Answer 22

Question 23

GW:

• Label pic
• What is the blind spot?
• What is papilloedema and what could cause it?
• How is papilloedema different to cupping?

Answer 23

• Blind spot: Optic disc - where the optic nerve leaves the retina
• Papilloedema: Oedema of the optic disc, due to raised ICP
• Papilloedema: Raised ICP
  Cupping: Optic cup swells

Question 24

GW Q:

• One reason why CSF can come out of nostril?
• One reason why CSF can come out of ear?
• Why can it be mixed with blood?
• What is a midline shift e.g. due to a brain tumour?

Answer 24

• Nostril: Ethmoid bone fracture (anterior basilar skull fracture)
• Ear: Petrous bone fracture (anterior basilar skull fracture)
  Tears in the dura and arachnoid layer… CSF is coming from the sub-arachnoid space
• Mixed with blood? Due to damage of the vasculature
• Midline shift refers to a shift (displacement) of brain tissue across the centre line of the brain (pic)

Question 25

GW Q:

• Most likely pathogens that cause tonsilitis?
• Which lymph nodes would be enlarged in tonsilitis?
• Complications of tonsilitis?

Answer 25

Pathogens: Viral, Strep. pyogenes

Jugulodigastric lymph nodes (as these drain the palatine tonsils…)

Peritonsilar abscess - uvula deviation away from the abscess due to compression