S5) The Foot Flashcards

1
Q

Identify and describe the types of bones in the human foot

A
  • Tarsals – seven irregularly shaped bones
  • Metatarsals – five bones which connect the phalanges to the tarsals
  • Phalanges – bones of the toes (4 toes - proximal, intermediate & distal, big toe - proximal & distal)
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2
Q

Identify the 7 tarsal bones

A
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3
Q

The talus is the most superior of the tarsal bones.

Identify and describe its three articulations

A
  • Superior: ankle joint (tibia & fibula)
  • Inferior: subtalar joint (talus & calcaneus)
  • Anterior: talonavicular joint (talus and the navicular)
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4
Q

State two functions of the talus bone

A
  • Transmits forces from the tibia to the calcaneus
  • Acts as an attachment site for numerous ligaments
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5
Q

The calcaneus lies underneath the talus.

Identify and describe its two articulations

A
  • Superior: subtalar joint (calcaneus & talus)
  • Anterior: calcaneocuboid joint (calcaneus & cuboid)
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6
Q

State two functions of the calcaneus bone

A
  • Transmits forces from the talus to the ground
  • Acts as an attachment site for Achilles tendon (calcaneal tuberosity)
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7
Q

The navicular bone is the only tarsal bone in the intermediate row.

Identify its articulations

A
  • Posterior: talus
  • Anterior: three cuneiform bones
  • Lateral: cuboid bone
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8
Q

State a function of the navicular bone

A

Plantar surface acts as an attachment site for the tibialis posterior tendon

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9
Q

The cuboid is the most lateral bone in the distal row.

Identify its articulations

A
  • Posterior: calcaneus
  • Anterior: metatarsals IV and V
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10
Q

State a function of the cuboid bone

A

Inferior surface has a groove which acts as an attachment site for the fibularis longus muscle

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11
Q

The three cuneiforms (lateral, intermediate and medial) are wedge shaped bones.

Identify their articulations

A
  • Posterior: navicular
  • Anterior: metatarsals I, II, III
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12
Q

State a function of the cuneiform bones

A

The shape of the bones helps form a transverse arch across the foot

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13
Q

What are the metatarsals?

A
  • The metatarsals are five bones located in the midfoot, between the tarsals and phalanges (numbered I-V medially to laterally)
  • They consist of a distal head and proximal base, which are joined by a shaft of bone
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14
Q

What are the articulations of the metatarsals?

A
  • Proximal: tarsometatarsal joint (metatarsal bases & cuboid/cuneiforms)
  • Lateral: Intermetatarsal joint (metatarsal & adjacent metatarsals)
  • Distal: metatarsophalangeal joint (metatarsal head & proximal phalanx)
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15
Q

Identify the different arches of the foot

A
  • Two longitudinal arches (medial and lateral)
  • One anterior transverse arch
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16
Q

State the structure and function of the arches of the foot

A
  • Structure: formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones, and supported by ligaments and tendons in the foot
  • Function: bears the weight of the body and absorbs the shock produced during locomotion (facilitates walking and running)
17
Q

Describe the structure of medial arch of the foot

A
  • The medial arch is the higher of the two longitudinal arches
  • Formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiforms and metatarsals I-III
18
Q

Identify and describe the different support systems of the medial arch of the foot

A
  • Muscular support: tibialis anterior and posterior, fibularis longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis, intrinsic foot muscles
  • Ligamentous support: plantar ligaments, medial ligament of malleolus
  • Bony support: shape of the bones of the arch
  • Other: plantar aponeurosis
19
Q

Describe the structure of the lateral arch of the foot

A
  • The lateral arch is the flatter of the two longitudinal arches (lies on the ground when standing)
  • It is formed by the calcaneus, cuboid and metatarsals IV-V
20
Q

Identify and describe the different support systems of the lateral arch of the foot

A
  • Muscular support: fibularis longus, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis, intrinsic foot muscles
  • Ligamentous support: plantar ligaments
  • Bony support: shape of the bones of the arch
  • Other: plantar aponeurosis
21
Q

Describe the structure of the transverse arch of the foot

A
  • The transverse arch is located in the coronal plane of the foot
  • It is formed by the metatarsal bases, the cuboid and the three cuneiform bones
22
Q

Identify and describe the different support systems of the transverse arch of the foot

A
  • Muscular support: fibularis longus and tibialis posterior
  • Ligamentous support: plantar ligaments and deep transverse metatarsal ligaments
  • Bony support: shape of the bones of the arch
  • Other support: plantar aponeurosis
23
Q

What is achilles tendonitis?

A

Achilles tendonitis is a common condition that occurs when the calcaneal tendon (largest in the body) becomes irritated and inflamed due to continuous intense physical activity

24
Q

What are bunions?

A

- A bunion (hallux valgus) is a bony deformity of the joint at the base of the big toe where there is medial deviation of the first metatarsal and lateral deviation of the great toe

  • Largely affects middle-aged females
25
Q

What is charcot arthropathy?

A
  • Charcot arthropathy is a progressive condition of the musculoskeletal system that is characterized by joint dislocations, pathologic fractures, and debilitating deformities
  • It occurs in patients who have neuropathy and loss of sensation (diabetes)
26
Q

What is a calcaneal fracture?

A
  • A calcaneal fracture is a fracture to the calcaneal bone in the heel of the foot due to a crush injury
  • The bone usually presents as a comminuted fracture when injured, often due to falling onto the heel from a great height
27
Q

What is a calcaneal tendon rupture?

A
  • An Achilles tendon rupture is a condition which occurs when achilles tendon tears (most commonly injured tendon)
  • Rupture can occur while performing actions requiring explosive acceleration, such as pushing off or jumping
28
Q

What is pes planus?

A

- Pes planus is a common condition in which the longitudinal arches have been lost

  • In children it may result in foot and ankle pain, whilst in adults the feet may ache after prolonged activity.
29
Q

What is pes cavus?

A
  • Pes cavus is a foot condition characterised by an unusually high medial longitudinal arch
  • It can appear in early life and become symptomatic with increasing age