S1) Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint?

A

A joint / articulation is a point of contact between neighbouring bones, between cartilage and bones, or between teeth and bones

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2
Q

Which factors are affected by the structural characteristics of a specific joint?

A
  • Strength
  • Magnitude of movement
  • Types of movement
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3
Q

What are the three main categories of joints?

A
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4
Q

Describe the structure and function of fibrous joints and provide some examples

A
  • Structure: lack a synovial cavity, articulating bones are held very closely together by fibrous connective tissue
  • Function: permit little/no movement
  • E.g. skull sutures, inferior tibiofibular joint, posterior sacroiliac joint*
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5
Q

State the structure and function of cartilaginous joints

A
  • Structure: lack a synovial cavity, articulating bones are tightly connected by cartilage
  • Function: permit little/no movement
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6
Q

There are two types of cartilaginous joints.

Identify and describe them

A
  • Primary cartilaginous joints: hyaline cartilage connecting tissue e.g. epiphyseal plate
  • Secondary cartilaginous joints (symphyses): fibrocartilage disc as connecting tissue e.g. pubic symphysis
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7
Q

What are 5 important characteristics of synovial joints?

A
  • Joint cavity
  • Articular cartilage
  • Articular capsule (two layers)
  • Rich blood and nerve supply
  • Accessory ligaments (extracapsular & intracapsular)
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8
Q

Identify and describe the two layers of the synovial joint capsule

A
  • Outer fibrous capsule (may have accessory ligaments)
  • Inner synovial membrane (secretes lubricating synovial fluid)
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9
Q

Identify the 6 different types of synovial joints

A
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10
Q

Identify and describe the general types of movement that occur at synovial joints

A
  • Gliding movements: articulating surfaces slide across each other
  • Angular movements: change in the angle between articulating bones (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction)
  • Rotation: a bone turns around its own longitudinal axis (medial rotation, lateral rotation)
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11
Q

Describe the structure and function of planar joints and provide an example

A
  • Structure: articulating surfaces are flat / slightly curved (non-axial joint)
  • Function: gliding movements occur
  • E.g. sternoclavicular joint*
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12
Q

Describe the structure and function of hinge joints and provide some examples

A
  • Structure: convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone (mono-axial joint)
  • Function: flexion and extension occur
  • E.g. knee joint, elbow joint, ankle joint*
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13
Q

Describe the structure and function of pivot joints and provide an example

A
  • Structure: rounded/pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed by another bone and a ligament (mono-axial joint)
  • Function: rotation occurs
  • E.g. atlanto-axial joint (C1 and C2)*
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14
Q

Describe the structure and function of condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints and provide an example

A
  • Structure: oval-shaped condyle of one bone rests against the elliptical cavity of another bone (bi-axial joint)
  • Function: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction occur
  • E.g. wrist joint*
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15
Q

Describe the structure and function of saddle joints and provide an example

A
  • Structure: articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and articular surface of the other bone resembles the legs of a rider sitting in a saddle (bi-axial)
  • Function: movement is less restricted
  • E.g. CMCJ between trapezium the base of metacarpal I*
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16
Q

Describe the structure and function of ball-and-socket joints and provide two examples

A
  • Structure: ball-like surface of one bone rests against the cuplike depression of another bone (poly-axial)
  • Function: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation occur
  • E.g. shoulder and hip joints*
17
Q

Identify and describe the 6 special movements which occur only at certain joints

A
  • Elevation&depression – upward and downward movement of the mandible
  • Protraction&retraction – mandible or shoulder girdle move forward and backward parallel to the ground
  • Inversion&eversion – sole of foot moves medially and laterally
  • Dorsiflexion&plantar flexion – bending of the ankle joint
  • Supination&pronation – forearm turns anteriorly and posteriorly
  • Opposition – movement of the thumb across the palm
18
Q

What are the 5 factors affecting contact and range of motion at synovial joints?

A
  • Structure/shape of the articulating bones
  • Strength&tension of the joint ligaments
  • Arrangement&tone of muscles around the joint
  • Apposition of neighbouring soft tissues
  • Disuse of a joint
19
Q

What drives the effects of ageing on joints?

A

The effects of ageing on joints are variable among individuals and are affected by genetic factors and wear and tear

20
Q

Identify 5 effects of ageing on synovial joints

A
  • Decreased production of synovial fluid
  • Thinning of articular cartilage
  • Shortening of ligaments
  • Decrease in ligamentous flexibility
  • Degenerative changes in load-bearing joints