1
Q
What are Jefferson’s fractures?
A
- Jefferson’s fractures are fractures of the anterior and posterior arches of the atlas often due to increased axial load e.g. diving into shallow water
- Typically causes pain but no neurological signs but may damage arteries at base of skull with secondary neurological sequelae e.g. ataxia, Horner’s syndrome
2
Q
What is De Quervain’s tenosynovitis?
A
- De Quervain’s tenosynovitis is a painful condition involving the inflammation of tendons on the side of the wrist at the base of the thumb
- These tendons include the extensor pollicis brevis and the abductor pollicis longus tendons, which extend the joints of the thumb
3
Q
What is a mid-shaft humeral fracture?
A
- Mid-shaft humeral fractures are fractures within the shaft of the humerus, occuring from FOOSH, which damage the profunda brachii artery and radial nerve
- It presents with wrist drop due to paralysis of the extensor muscles of the wrist and some sensory loss over the dorsum of the hand
4
Q
What is a Colles’ fracture?
A
A Colles’ fracture is a distal radius fracture caused by a direct blow to the palmar forearm or falling onto extended wrists leading to dorsal displacement
5
Q
What is a biceps tendon rupture?
A
Biceps tendon rupture is the complete rupture of the biceps brachii tendon after the very strong contraction of the muscle and presents with a characteristic Popeye sign on elbow flexion
6
Q
What is groin strain?
A
- Groin strain is a condition wherein the proximal part of the adductor muscles in the medial thigh are strained/torn due to explosive movements of extreme stretching
- Treatment involves the RICE protocol (rest, ice, compression, elevation)
7
Q
What is an elbow dislocation?
A
- An elbow dislocation is a clinical condition in which the joint surfaces of the elbow are separated and presents with pain, deformity or loss of function
- It is the 2nd most common dislocation and results from FOOSH
8
Q
What is osteoarthritis (most common form of arthritis)?
A
- Osteoarthritis is a non-inflammatory form of arthritis which causes synovial joints to become painful and stiff due to ‘wear and tear’
- The articular surfaces wear away, presenting with a narrow joint space and severely painful bone grinding reducing one’s range of movement
9
Q
What is Erb’s Palsy?
A
- Erb’s palsy is a condition resulting in the paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper brachial plexus (C5-C6)
- It presents with waiter’s tip: affected limb hangs limply, medially rotated by pectoralis major and pronated due to the loss of biceps brachii
10
Q
What is achilles tendonitis?
A
Achilles tendonitis is a common condition that occurs when the calcaneal tendon (largest in the body) becomes irritated and inflamed due to continuous intense physical activity
11
Q
What is a calcaneal tendon rupture?
A
- An Achilles tendon rupture is a condition which occurs when achilles tendon tears (most commonly injured tendon)
- Rupture can occur while performing actions requiring explosive acceleration, such as pushing off or jumping
12
Q
What is a traumatic posterior shoulder dislocation?
A
An posterior shoulder dislocation is a clinical condition in which the humeral head is displaced posteriorly in relation to the glenoid fossa
13
Q
What is a Smith’s fracture?
A
A Smith’s fracture is a distal radius fracture caused by a direct blow to the dorsal forearm or falling onto flexed wrists leading to palmar displacement
14
Q
What is medial elbow tendinopathy?
A
- Medial elbow tendinopathy (golfer’s elbow) is a degenerative condition / overuse injury predominantly seen in athletes
- It is 10x less common than LET and involves pathology in the common flexor tendon
15
Q
What is a Pott’s Fracture-Dislocation?
A
A Pott’s fracture is a term used to describe a bimalleolar (medial & lateral malleoli) or trimalleolar (medial & lateral malleoli, distal tibia) fracture which occurs due to the force eversion of the foot
16
Q
What is a scaphoid fracture?
A
- A scaphoid fracture is a fracture of one of the carpal bones, presenting as tenderness over the anatomical snuffbox and often has delayed presentation in X-rays (notable swelling)
- It needs to be reduced quickly and untreated, can lead to avascular necrosis
17
Q
What is spondylolisthesis?
A
Spondylolisthesis is a slip forwards of the vertebrae above on the vertebra below due to a fracture in the pars interarticularis
18
Q
What is arthritis?
A
- Arthritis is a clinical condition characterised by inflammation and stiffness of a joint
- It presents with pain, swelling and stiffness, erythema and an abnormal gait
19
Q
What is a proximal intracapsular femur fracture?
A
- A proximal intracapsular femur fracture is a fracture within the capsule of the hip joint which commonly occurs in the elderly, especially women
- It can damage the femoral circumflex artery, carries a risk of avascular necrosis and presents with the distal femur fragment being pulled upwards and laterally rotated (shortening)
20
Q
What is the hand of benediction?
A
- The hand of benediction is a clinical condition which occurs as a result of prolonged compression or injury of the median nerve at the forearm or elbow
- The thenar eminence is wasted, due to atrophy of the thenar muscles and if the patient tries to make a fist, only the little and ring fingers can flex completely
21
Q
What is lateral elbow tendinopathy?
A
- Lateral elbow tendinopathy (tennis elbow) is a degenerative condition that can cause significant functional impairment in working-age patients
- It is the commonest cause of elbow pain and involves pathology in the common extensor tendon
22
Q
What is neurapraxia?
A
Neurapraxia is the mildest form of nerve injury which results in a temporary physiological block of conduction in the affected axons without loss of axonal continuity
23
Q
What is long thoracic nerve palsy?
A
- Long thoracic nerve palsy is a condition characterized by pain and loss of shoulder movement due to damage/injury of the long thoracic nerve
- It presents with winged scapula as the serratus anterior is paralysed and the scapula is no longer held against the ribcage so protrudes out the back
24
Q
What is anterior cord syndrome?
A
Anterior cord syndrome is a condition where the anterior spinal cord artery is interrupted due to ischaemia/infarction of the anterior two-thirds of the spinal cord
25
What is axonotmesis?
**Axonotmesis** is a nerve injury which involves the loss of continuity of the axons and their myelin sheath, but axonal regeneration is possible without surgical intervention
26
What is neurotmesis?
**Neurotmesis** is the most serious form of nerve injury where both nerve and the myelin sheath are divided
27
What is Dupuytrens contracture?
- **Dupuytren's contracture** is a clinical condition where 1/more fingers become permanently bent in a flexed position due to the thickening of the connective tissue in the palm
- It begins as small hard nodules under the skin of the palm then worsens over time until the fingers can no longer be straightened
28
What is neurogenic claudication?
**Neurogenic claudication** is a common symptom of lumbar spinal stenosis or inflammation of the spinal nerves involving pain in the legs during motion
29
What are pelvic bone fractures?
- **Pelvic bone fractures** are fractures which result from direct trauma to the pelvic bones or indirectly through forces transmitted from the lower limb
- Fractures often occur at the weaker points of the bones (pubic rami, acetabulum, region of sacroiliac joint)
30
What is pes cavus?
- **Pes cavus** is a foot condition characterised by an unusually high medial longitudinal arch
- It can appear in early life and become symptomatic with increasing age
31
What is gout tophi?
- **Gout tophi** is a disorder of nucleic acid metabolism leading to hyperuricaemia and urate crystal deposits in the joints
- It leads to recurrent attacks of arthritis and mainly affects soft tissues e.g. ear, elbow, achilles tendon
32
What are Peg fractures ?
- **Peg fractures** (odontoid fracture) occur due to a fracture through the odontoid process often due to a blow to back of head *e.g. falling against a wall when balance is compromised*
- ‘Open mouth’ X-ray = ‘peg view’
33
What is ulnar claw?
- **Ulnar claw** is a clinical condition resulting from the long term damage of the ulnar nerve which presents as hyperextension of MCPJs (little and ring fingers) and flexion of the IPJs
- The interossei muscles and the medial lumbricals are paralysed but the two muscles in the forearm are unaffected (laceration occurs at the wrist)
34
What is antalgic gait?
- **Antalgic gait** is a form of gait abnormality that results from pain on weight-bearing
- It is characterised by a shortened stance phase on the affected leg (uneven – walking stick in opposite hand), and is most commonly seen in patients with chronic MSK pain
35
What is high steppage gait?
- **High steppage gait** is a form of gait abnormality due to damage to the common or deep peroneal nerves
- It is characterised by foot drop due to loss of dorsiflexion and excessive hip flexion on the affected side
36
What is diplegic gait?
- **Diplegic gait** is a form of gait abnormality that results from neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy
- It is characterised by scissoring and ankle plantarflexion
37
What is a boxer's fracture?
- A **boxer's fracture** is a fracture of one of the metacarpal bones of the hand
- The fracture occurs transversely across the neck of the bone, after the patient strikes an object with a closed fist
38
What are Hangman's fractures?
- **Hangman's fractures** are unstable fractures which occur due to hyperextension of head on neck
- Axis fractures through the pars interarticularis leading to the forward displacement of C1 & C2 on C3 (spondylisthesis)
39
What is reflex sympathetic dystrophy?
- **Reflex sympathetic dystrophy** (CRPS 1) is a clinical syndrome of the SNS with unknown cause characterised by pain, swelling, and vasomotor dysfunction of an extremity
- It is associated with injury to the nerves, trauma, surgery, CVD and infection
40
What is a proximal extracapsular femur fracture?
- A **proximal extracapsular femur fracture** is a fracture outside the hip joint capsule, which occurs more commonly in young and middle aged people
- The femoral circumflex artery is intact, there is no risk of avascular necrosis and it presents with leg shortening as well as the lateral rotation of the thigh
41
What is rotator cuff tendonitis?
- **Rotator cuff tendonitis** is the inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles, usually occurring secondary to repetitive use of the shoulder joint
- Degenerative changes occur in the subacromial bursa and supraspinatus tendon, increasing friction between the structures of the joint
42
What is lumbar spinal stenosis?
- **Lumbar spinal stenosis** (LSS) is a clinical condition in which the spinal canal narrows and compresses the spinal cord and nerves at the level of the lumbar vertebrae
- It is caused by ageing, spinal disc herniation, osteoporosis or a tumour
43
What are bunions?
- A **bunion** (hallux valgus) is a bony deformity of the joint at the base of the big toe where there is medial deviation of the first metatarsal and lateral deviation of the great toe
- Largely affects middle-aged females
44
What is Parkinsonian gait?
- **Parkinsonian gait** is a form of gait abnormality exhibited by patients suffering from Parkinson's disease (dopamine deficiency produces motor deficits)
- It is characterized by small shuffling steps and a general slowness/loss of movement (hypokinesia/akinesia)
45
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
- **Rhematoid arthritis** is a systemic autoimmune disease causing long-term stiffness, swelling and pain in the joints of the body
- Symptoms are due to inflammation of the synovium of small and large joints
46
What is sciatica?
**Sciatica** is the compression of the nerve roots which contribute to the sciatic nerve
47
What is Guyon's canal syndrome?
- **Guyon's canal syndrome** is a clinical condition caused by the entrapment of the ulnar nerve in the Guyon canal as it passes through the wrist
- It presents with paraesthesia in the ring and little fingers before progressing to a loss of sensation and/or impaired motor function of the intrinsic muscles of the hand
48
What is radial head subluxation?
- **Radial head subluxation** (nursemaid’s elbow) is a clinical condition in which the radial head is dislocated from the annular ligament in the elbow joint
- It commonly occurs in young children due to longitudinal traction along extended arm
49
What is a traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation?
An **anterior shoulder dislocation** is a clinical condition in which the humeral head is displaced anteriorly in relation to the glenoid fossa
50
What is Carpal tunnel syndrome?
- **Carpal tunnel syndrome** is a condition involving the compression of the median nerve due to thickened ligaments and tendone sheaths
- It presents with numbness, tingling and pain along the distribution of the median nerve
51
What is foot drop?
- **Foot drop** is a the manifestation of a condition caused by damage to the common peroneal nerve (/deep fibular) often due to fractures of the fibula
- The patient can't dorsiflex the foot and hence the foot appears permanently plantarflexed (footdrop) producing a characteristic high steppage gait
52
What is a fracture of the femoral shaft?
- **Femoral shaft fractures** are spiral fractures which occur due to a lot of force on the shaft of the femur
- They are relatively uncommon and cause leg shortening due to bony fragments overriding and the proximal pull of the associated muscles
53
What is charcot arthropathy?
- **Charcot arthropathy** is a progressive condition of the musculoskeletal system that is characterized by joint dislocations, pathologic fractures, and debilitating deformities
- It occurs in patients who have neuropathy and loss of sensation (diabetes)
54
What is a supracondylar fracture?
- **Supraepicondylar fractures** are transverse fractures, spanning between two epicondyles, which occur by falling on a flexed elbow.
- It presents with Volkmanns ischaemic contracture which is ischaemia causing the uncontrolled flexion of the hand, as flexor muscles become fibrotic and short
55
What is pes planus?
- **Pes planus** is a common condition in which the longitudinal arches have been lost
- In children it may result in foot and ankle pain, whilst in adults the feet may ache after prolonged activity.
56
What is whiplash injury?
A **whiplash injury** is a neck injury caused by sudden hyperextension and hyperflexion of the neck (high mobility, low stability)
57
What is a radial head/neck fracture?
- **Radial head/neck fractures** are the commonest elbow fracture and involves a fracture to the proximal radius due to FOOSH
- It presents with lateral pain, modest swelling or loss of range
58
What is a calcaneal fracture?
- A **calcaneal fracture** is a fracture to the calcaneal bone in the heel of the foot due to a crush injury
- The bone usually presents as a comminuted fracture when injured, often due to falling onto the heel from a great height
59
What are rheumatoid nodules?
- **Rheumatoid nodules** are firm, noticeable lumps that form underneath the skin of some rheumatoid arthritis patients
- These lumps generally form on/near the base of the arthritic joints and are the commonest extra-articular manifestation of RA
60
What is Klumpke's Palsy?
- **Klumpke's palsy** is a condition resulting in the paralysis of the muscles of the forearm and hand caused by injury to the lower brachial plexus
- The hand presents with a clawed appearance as the MCP joints are hyperextended and the IP joints are flexed
61
What is carpometacarpal osteoarthritis?
- **Carpometacarpal osteoarthritis** is a reparitive joint disease affecting the first carpometacarpal joint
- This joint is formed by the trapezium bone of the wrist and the first metacarpal bone of the thumb and because of its relative instability, is a frequent site for osteoarthritis
62
What is Meralgia paraesthetica?
- **Meralgia paresthetica** is a condition characterized by paraesthesia, numbness and burning pain in the outer part of your thigh
- It is due to the compression of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh as it passes through the inguinal ligament / as it pierces the fascia lata
63
What is Piriformis Syndrome?
**Piriformis syndrome** is a condition wherein the sciatic nerve becomes compressed / irritated by the piriformis muscle causing pain, paraesthesia and numbness in the hip/buttocks and along the path of the sciatic nerve
64
What is a supracondylar fracture of the distal humerus?
- A **supracondylar humerus fracture** is a fracture of the distal humerus just above the elbow joint which occurs from FOOSH
- It is usually transverse/oblique above the medial and lateral condyles and epicondyles and involves neurovascular compromise – paraesthesia, radial pulse, capillary return
65
What is a femoral hernia?
- A **femoral hernia** is a condition where part of the bowel is displaced and protrudes into the femoral canal, underneath the inguinal ligament
- It presents as a lump or bulge in the area of the femoral triangle
66
What is cervical spondylosis?
**Cervical spondylosis** is a degenerative osteoarthritis of intervertebral joints in cervical spine
67
What is Trendelenburg gait?
- **Trendelenburg gait** is a form of gait abnormality due to a lesion of the superior gluteal nerve producing weakness in the abductor muscles of the lower limb, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
- The pelvis drops towards the side of the raised limb, meaning weakness/paralysis of the abductor muscles on the standing limb
68
What is malignant hyperthermia?
**Malignant hyperthermia** is a disease that causes a fast rise in body temperature and severe muscle contractions when triggered by some volatile anaesthetic agents
69
What is adductor canal compression syndrome?
- **Adductor canal compression syndrome** is a arecondition wherein the neurovascular bundle of the adductor canal is entrapped, usually caused by the hypertrophy of the vastus medialis muscle
- It presents with claudication (femoral nerve) or neurological symptoms (saphenous nerve)
70
What is central cord syndrome?
**Central cord syndrome** is a common cervical spinal cord injury resulting from neck trauma, leading to major injury to the central grey matter of the spinal cord
71
What is olecranon bursitis?
- **Olecranon bursitis** (student's elbow) is the inflammation of the bursa in the elbow joint due to trauma or friction
- It presents with pain, redness and swelling around the elbow and can become infected
72
What is an ankle sprain?
- An **ankle sprain** is the partial/complete tear in the ligament of the ankle joint, occuring in a plantar-flexed weight bearing foot which is excessively inverted
- The lateral ligament is damaged as its weaker and resists inversion
73
What is a medial epicondyle fracture?
- A **medial epicondyle fracture** is a fracture which damages the ulnar nerve producing a deformity known as ulnar claw due to the paralysis of the lateral lumbricals
- It presents with a loss of sensation over the dorsal and palmar hand surfaces and the medial 1½ fingers
74
What is elbow osteoarthritis?
- **Elbow osteoarthritis** is a degenerative disease of the articular cartilage in the elbow joint that can cause pain and stiffness
- It can be primary (degeneration without a cause or secondary (post-traumatic)
75
What is posterior cord syndrome?
**Posterior cord syndrome i**s a rare condition caused by lesion of the posterior portion of the spinal cord or by an interruption to the posterior spinal artery
Year 1 Semester 2 Musculoskeletal System
flashcards
Decks in class (24)
# Cards
-
S1) Bones and Joints20
-
S1) Skeletal Muscle Morphology, Structure & Mechanics45
-
S1) Embryology of the Musculoskeletal System20
-
S2) Dermatomes, Myotomes and Segmental Innervation of the Limbs20
-
S2) Vertebral Column45
-
S3) Lumbar & Sacral Plexus31
-
S3) The Hip68
-
S4) The Thigh77
-
S4) The Knee29
-
S4) The Leg78
-
S5) The Ankle21
-
S5) The Foot29
-
S5) Walking & Gaits13
-
S6) Cervical and Thoracic Spine40
-
S6) Pectoral Region, Axilla and Brachial Plexus60
-
S7) The Shoulder85
-
S7) The Upper Arm45
-
S8) The Elbow24
-
S8) The Forearm75
-
S9) Classification of Fractures20
-
S9) The Wrist33
-
S9) The Hand59
-
S10) Nerve Injuries of the Lower Limb26
-
Clinical Conditions75
