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Year 1 Semester 2 Musculoskeletal System > Clinical Conditions > Flashcards

Clinical Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What are Jefferson’s fractures?

A
  • Jefferson’s fractures are fractures of the anterior and posterior arches of the atlas often due to increased axial load e.g. diving into shallow water
  • Typically causes pain but no neurological signs but may damage arteries at base of skull with secondary neurological sequelae e.g. ataxia, Horner’s syndrome
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2
Q

What is De Quervain’s tenosynovitis?

A
  • De Quervain’s tenosynovitis is a painful condition involving the inflammation of tendons on the side of the wrist at the base of the thumb
  • These tendons include the extensor pollicis brevis and the abductor pollicis longus tendons, which extend the joints of the thumb
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3
Q

What is a mid-shaft humeral fracture?

A
  • Mid-shaft humeral fractures are fractures within the shaft of the humerus, occuring from FOOSH, which damage the profunda brachii artery and radial nerve
  • It presents with wrist drop due to paralysis of the extensor muscles of the wrist and some sensory loss over the dorsum of the hand
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4
Q

What is a Colles’ fracture?

A

A Colles’ fracture is a distal radius fracture caused by a direct blow to the palmar forearm or falling onto extended wrists leading to dorsal displacement

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5
Q

What is a biceps tendon rupture?

A

Biceps tendon rupture is the complete rupture of the biceps brachii tendon after the very strong contraction of the muscle and presents with a characteristic Popeye sign on elbow flexion

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6
Q

What is groin strain?

A
  • Groin strain is a condition wherein the proximal part of the adductor muscles in the medial thigh are strained/torn due to explosive movements of extreme stretching
  • Treatment involves the RICE protocol (rest, ice, compression, elevation)
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7
Q

What is an elbow dislocation?

A
  • An elbow dislocation is a clinical condition in which the joint surfaces of the elbow are separated and presents with pain, deformity or loss of function
  • It is the 2nd most common dislocation and results from FOOSH
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8
Q

What is osteoarthritis (most common form of arthritis)?

A
  • Osteoarthritis is a non-inflammatory form of arthritis which causes synovial joints to become painful and stiff due to ‘wear and tear’
  • The articular surfaces wear away, presenting with a narrow joint space and severely painful bone grinding reducing one’s range of movement
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9
Q

What is Erb’s Palsy?

A
  • Erb’s palsy is a condition resulting in the paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the upper brachial plexus (C5-C6)
  • It presents with waiter’s tip: affected limb hangs limply, medially rotated by pectoralis major and pronated due to the loss of biceps brachii
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10
Q

What is achilles tendonitis?

A

Achilles tendonitis is a common condition that occurs when the calcaneal tendon (largest in the body) becomes irritated and inflamed due to continuous intense physical activity

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11
Q

What is a calcaneal tendon rupture?

A
  • An Achilles tendon rupture is a condition which occurs when achilles tendon tears (most commonly injured tendon)
  • Rupture can occur while performing actions requiring explosive acceleration, such as pushing off or jumping
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12
Q

What is a traumatic posterior shoulder dislocation?

A

An posterior shoulder dislocation is a clinical condition in which the humeral head is displaced posteriorly in relation to the glenoid fossa

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13
Q

What is a Smith’s fracture?

A

A Smith’s fracture is a distal radius fracture caused by a direct blow to the dorsal forearm or falling onto flexed wrists leading to palmar displacement

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14
Q

What is medial elbow tendinopathy?

A
  • Medial elbow tendinopathy (golfer’s elbow) is a degenerative condition / overuse injury predominantly seen in athletes
  • It is 10x less common than LET and involves pathology in the common flexor tendon
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15
Q

What is a Pott’s Fracture-Dislocation?

A

A Pott’s fracture is a term used to describe a bimalleolar (medial & lateral malleoli) or trimalleolar (medial & lateral malleoli, distal tibia) fracture which occurs due to the force eversion of the foot

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16
Q

What is a scaphoid fracture?

A
  • A scaphoid fracture is a fracture of one of the carpal bones, presenting as tenderness over the anatomical snuffbox and often has delayed presentation in X-rays (notable swelling)
  • It needs to be reduced quickly and untreated, can lead to avascular necrosis
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17
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

Spondylolisthesis is a slip forwards of the vertebrae above on the vertebra below due to a fracture in the pars interarticularis

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18
Q

What is arthritis?

A
  • Arthritis is a clinical condition characterised by inflammation and stiffness of a joint
  • It presents with pain, swelling and stiffness, erythema and an abnormal gait
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19
Q

What is a proximal intracapsular femur fracture?

A
  • A proximal intracapsular femur fracture is a fracture within the capsule of the hip joint which commonly occurs in the elderly, especially women
  • It can damage the femoral circumflex artery, carries a risk of avascular necrosis and presents with the distal femur fragment being pulled upwards and laterally rotated (shortening)
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20
Q

What is the hand of benediction?

A
  • The hand of benediction is a clinical condition which occurs as a result of prolonged compression or injury of the median nerve at the forearm or elbow
  • The thenar eminence is wasted, due to atrophy of the thenar muscles and if the patient tries to make a fist, only the little and ring fingers can flex completely
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21
Q

What is lateral elbow tendinopathy?

A
  • Lateral elbow tendinopathy (tennis elbow) is a degenerative condition that can cause significant functional impairment in working-age patients
  • It is the commonest cause of elbow pain and involves pathology in the common extensor tendon
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22
Q

What is neurapraxia?

A

Neurapraxia is the mildest form of nerve injury which results in a temporary physiological block of conduction in the affected axons without loss of axonal continuity

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23
Q

What is long thoracic nerve palsy?

A

- Long thoracic nerve palsy is a condition characterized by pain and loss of shoulder movement due to damage/injury of the long thoracic nerve

  • It presents with winged scapula as the serratus anterior is paralysed and the scapula is no longer held against the ribcage so protrudes out the back
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24
Q

What is anterior cord syndrome?

A

Anterior cord syndrome is a condition where the anterior spinal cord artery is interrupted due to ischaemia/infarction of the anterior two-thirds of the spinal cord

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25
Q

What is axonotmesis?

A

Axonotmesis is a nerve injury which involves the loss of continuity of the axons and their myelin sheath, but axonal regeneration is possible without surgical intervention

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26
Q

What is neurotmesis?

A

Neurotmesis is the most serious form of nerve injury where both nerve and the myelin sheath are divided

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27
Q

What is Dupuytrens contracture?

A
  • Dupuytren’s contracture is a clinical condition where 1/more fingers become permanently bent in a flexed position due to the thickening of the connective tissue in the palm
  • It begins as small hard nodules under the skin of the palm then worsens over time until the fingers can no longer be straightened
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28
Q

What is neurogenic claudication?

A

Neurogenic claudication is a common symptom of lumbar spinal stenosis or inflammation of the spinal nerves involving pain in the legs during motion

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29
Q

What are pelvic bone fractures?

A
  • Pelvic bone fractures are fractures which result from direct trauma to the pelvic bones or indirectly through forces transmitted from the lower limb
  • Fractures often occur at the weaker points of the bones (pubic rami, acetabulum, region of sacroiliac joint)
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30
Q

What is pes cavus?

A
  • Pes cavus is a foot condition characterised by an unusually high medial longitudinal arch
  • It can appear in early life and become symptomatic with increasing age
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31
Q

What is gout tophi?

A
  • Gout tophi is a disorder of nucleic acid metabolism leading to hyperuricaemia and urate crystal deposits in the joints
  • It leads to recurrent attacks of arthritis and mainly affects soft tissues e.g. ear, elbow, achilles tendon
32
Q

What are Peg fractures ?

A
  • Peg fractures (odontoid fracture) occur due to a fracture through the odontoid process often due to a blow to back of head e.g. falling against a wall when balance is compromised
  • ‘Open mouth’ X-ray = ‘peg view’
33
Q

What is ulnar claw?

A
  • Ulnar claw is a clinical condition resulting from the long term damage of the ulnar nerve which presents as hyperextension of MCPJs (little and ring fingers) and flexion of the IPJs
  • The interossei muscles and the medial lumbricals are paralysed but the two muscles in the forearm are unaffected (laceration occurs at the wrist)
34
Q

What is antalgic gait?

A
  • Antalgic gait is a form of gait abnormality that results from pain on weight-bearing
  • It is characterised by a shortened stance phase on the affected leg (uneven – walking stick in opposite hand), and is most commonly seen in patients with chronic MSK pain
35
Q

What is high steppage gait?

A
  • High steppage gait is a form of gait abnormality due to damage to the common or deep peroneal nerves
  • It is characterised by foot drop due to loss of dorsiflexion and excessive hip flexion on the affected side
36
Q

What is diplegic gait?

A
  • Diplegic gait is a form of gait abnormality that results from neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy
  • It is characterised by scissoring and ankle plantarflexion
37
Q

What is a boxer’s fracture?

A
  • A boxer’s fracture is a fracture of one of the metacarpal bones of the hand
  • The fracture occurs transversely across the neck of the bone, after the patient strikes an object with a closed fist
38
Q

What are Hangman’s fractures?

A
  • Hangman’s fractures are unstable fractures which occur due to hyperextension of head on neck
  • Axis fractures through the pars interarticularis leading to the forward displacement of C1 & C2 on C3 (spondylisthesis)
39
Q

What is reflex sympathetic dystrophy?

A
  • Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS 1) is a clinical syndrome of the SNS with unknown cause characterised by pain, swelling, and vasomotor dysfunction of an extremity
  • It is associated with injury to the nerves, trauma, surgery, CVD and infection
40
Q

What is a proximal extracapsular femur fracture?

A
  • A proximal extracapsular femur fracture is a fracture outside the hip joint capsule, which occurs more commonly in young and middle aged people
  • The femoral circumflex artery is intact, there is no risk of avascular necrosis and it presents with leg shortening as well as the lateral rotation of the thigh
41
Q

What is rotator cuff tendonitis?

A
  • Rotator cuff tendonitis is the inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles, usually occurring secondary to repetitive use of the shoulder joint
  • Degenerative changes occur in the subacromial bursa and supraspinatus tendon, increasing friction between the structures of the joint
42
Q

What is lumbar spinal stenosis?

A
  • Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a clinical condition in which the spinal canal narrows and compresses the spinal cord and nerves at the level of the lumbar vertebrae
  • It is caused by ageing, spinal disc herniation, osteoporosis or a tumour
43
Q

What are bunions?

A
  • A bunion (hallux valgus) is a bony deformity of the joint at the base of the big toe where there is medial deviation of the first metatarsal and lateral deviation of the great toe
  • Largely affects middle-aged females
44
Q

What is Parkinsonian gait?

A
  • Parkinsonian gait is a form of gait abnormality exhibited by patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease (dopamine deficiency produces motor deficits)
  • It is characterized by small shuffling steps and a general slowness/loss of movement (hypokinesia/akinesia)
45
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A
  • Rhematoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease causing long-term stiffness, swelling and pain in the joints of the body
  • Symptoms are due to inflammation of the synovium of small and large joints
46
Q

What is sciatica?

A

Sciatica is the compression of the nerve roots which contribute to the sciatic nerve

47
Q

What is Guyon’s canal syndrome?

A
  • Guyon’s canal syndrome is a clinical condition caused by the entrapment of the ulnar nerve in the Guyon canal as it passes through the wrist
  • It presents with paraesthesia in the ring and little fingers before progressing to a loss of sensation and/or impaired motor function of the intrinsic muscles of the hand
48
Q

What is radial head subluxation?

A
  • Radial head subluxation (nursemaid’s elbow) is a clinical condition in which the radial head is dislocated from the annular ligament in the elbow joint
  • It commonly occurs in young children due to longitudinal traction along extended arm
49
Q

What is a traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation?

A

An anterior shoulder dislocation is a clinical condition in which the humeral head is displaced anteriorly in relation to the glenoid fossa

50
Q

What is Carpal tunnel syndrome?

A
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition involving the compression of the median nerve due to thickened ligaments and tendone sheaths
  • It presents with numbness, tingling and pain along the distribution of the median nerve
51
Q

What is foot drop?

A
  • Foot drop is a the manifestation of a condition caused by damage to the common peroneal nerve (/deep fibular) often due to fractures of the fibula
  • The patient can’t dorsiflex the foot and hence the foot appears permanently plantarflexed (footdrop) producing a characteristic high steppage gait
52
Q

What is a fracture of the femoral shaft?

A
  • Femoral shaft fractures are spiral fractures which occur due to a lot of force on the shaft of the femur
  • They are relatively uncommon and cause leg shortening due to bony fragments overriding and the proximal pull of the associated muscles
53
Q

What is charcot arthropathy?

A
  • Charcot arthropathy is a progressive condition of the musculoskeletal system that is characterized by joint dislocations, pathologic fractures, and debilitating deformities
  • It occurs in patients who have neuropathy and loss of sensation (diabetes)
54
Q

What is a supracondylar fracture?

A
  • Supraepicondylar fractures are transverse fractures, spanning between two epicondyles, which occur by falling on a flexed elbow.
  • It presents with Volkmanns ischaemic contracture which is ischaemia causing the uncontrolled flexion of the hand, as flexor muscles become fibrotic and short
55
Q

What is pes planus?

A
  • Pes planus is a common condition in which the longitudinal arches have been lost
  • In children it may result in foot and ankle pain, whilst in adults the feet may ache after prolonged activity.
56
Q

What is whiplash injury?

A

A whiplash injury is a neck injury caused by sudden hyperextension and hyperflexion of the neck (high mobility, low stability)

57
Q

What is a radial head/neck fracture?

A
  • Radial head/neck fractures are the commonest elbow fracture and involves a fracture to the proximal radius due to FOOSH
  • It presents with lateral pain, modest swelling or loss of range
58
Q

What is a calcaneal fracture?

A
  • A calcaneal fracture is a fracture to the calcaneal bone in the heel of the foot due to a crush injury
  • The bone usually presents as a comminuted fracture when injured, often due to falling onto the heel from a great height
59
Q

What are rheumatoid nodules?

A
  • Rheumatoid nodules are firm, noticeable lumps that form underneath the skin of some rheumatoid arthritis patients
  • These lumps generally form on/near the base of the arthritic joints and are the commonest extra-articular manifestation of RA
60
Q

What is Klumpke’s Palsy?

A
  • Klumpke’s palsy is a condition resulting in the paralysis of the muscles of the forearm and hand caused by injury to the lower brachial plexus
  • The hand presents with a clawed appearance as the MCP joints are hyperextended and the IP joints are flexed
61
Q

What is carpometacarpal osteoarthritis?

A
  • Carpometacarpal osteoarthritis is a reparitive joint disease affecting the first carpometacarpal joint
  • This joint is formed by the trapezium bone of the wrist and the first metacarpal bone of the thumb and because of its relative instability, is a frequent site for osteoarthritis
62
Q

What is Meralgia paraesthetica?

A
  • Meralgia paresthetica is a condition characterized by paraesthesia, numbness and burning pain in the outer part of your thigh
  • It is due to the compression of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh as it passes through the inguinal ligament / as it pierces the fascia lata
63
Q

What is Piriformis Syndrome?

A

Piriformis syndrome is a condition wherein the sciatic nerve becomes compressed / irritated by the piriformis muscle causing pain, paraesthesia and numbness in the hip/buttocks and along the path of the sciatic nerve

64
Q

What is a supracondylar fracture of the distal humerus?

A
  • A supracondylar humerus fracture is a fracture of the distal humerus just above the elbow joint which occurs from FOOSH
  • It is usually transverse/oblique above the medial and lateral condyles and epicondyles and involves neurovascular compromise – paraesthesia, radial pulse, capillary return
65
Q

What is a femoral hernia?

A
  • A femoral hernia is a condition where part of the bowel is displaced and protrudes into the femoral canal, underneath the inguinal ligament
  • It presents as a lump or bulge in the area of the femoral triangle
66
Q

What is cervical spondylosis?

A

Cervical spondylosis is a degenerative osteoarthritis of intervertebral joints in cervical spine

67
Q

What is Trendelenburg gait?

A
  • Trendelenburg gait is a form of gait abnormality due to a lesion of the superior gluteal nerve producing weakness in the abductor muscles of the lower limb, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
  • The pelvis drops towards the side of the raised limb, meaning weakness/paralysis of the abductor muscles on the standing limb
68
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia?

A

Malignant hyperthermia is a disease that causes a fast rise in body temperature and severe muscle contractions when triggered by some volatile anaesthetic agents

69
Q

What is adductor canal compression syndrome?

A
  • Adductor canal compression syndrome is a arecondition wherein the neurovascular bundle of the adductor canal is entrapped, usually caused by the hypertrophy of the vastus medialis muscle
  • It presents with claudication (femoral nerve) or neurological symptoms (saphenous nerve)
70
Q

What is central cord syndrome?

A

Central cord syndrome is a common cervical spinal cord injury resulting from neck trauma, leading to major injury to the central grey matter of the spinal cord

71
Q

What is olecranon bursitis?

A
  • Olecranon bursitis (student’s elbow) is the inflammation of the bursa in the elbow joint due to trauma or friction
  • It presents with pain, redness and swelling around the elbow and can become infected
72
Q

What is an ankle sprain?

A
  • An ankle sprain is the partial/complete tear in the ligament of the ankle joint, occuring in a plantar-flexed weight bearing foot which is excessively inverted
  • The lateral ligament is damaged as its weaker and resists inversion
73
Q

What is a medial epicondyle fracture?

A
  • A medial epicondyle fracture is a fracture which damages the ulnar nerve producing a deformity known as ulnar claw due to the paralysis of the lateral lumbricals
  • It presents with a loss of sensation over the dorsal and palmar hand surfaces and the medial 1½ fingers
74
Q

What is elbow osteoarthritis?

A
  • Elbow osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease of the articular cartilage in the elbow joint that can cause pain and stiffness
  • It can be primary (degeneration without a cause or secondary (post-traumatic)
75
Q

What is posterior cord syndrome?

A

Posterior cord syndrome is a rare condition caused by lesion of the posterior portion of the spinal cord or by an interruption to the posterior spinal artery

Year 1 Semester 2 Musculoskeletal System (24 decks)

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