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Infection * > S5 Hospital Acquired Infections > Flashcards

S5 Hospital Acquired Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are healthcare infections?

A

Infections arising as a a consequence of providing healthcare

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2
Q

What are the most common types of HCAI (healthcare acquired infections)?

A
  • UTIs
  • pneumonia
  • surgical wound infections
  • skin and soft tissue
  • primary bloodstream
  • gastrointestinal
  • other e.g HCAI meningitis (maybe postoperatively after neurosurgery)
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3
Q

At what points in the infection model can infection prevention be applied?

A
  • pathogen affecting the patient
  • mechanism of infection
  • infection being spread to another individual
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4
Q

What are 4 examples of healthcare acquired viral infections?

A
  • blood bourne - hepatitis B, C and HIV
  • norovirus
  • influenza
  • chicken pox
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5
Q

Give 4 examples of healthcare acquired bacterial infections?

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus (incl. MRSA)
  • Clostridium difficile
  • Escherichia coli
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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6
Q

Give 2 examples of healthcare acquired fungal infections? In what patients are these most common?

A
  • Candida albicans
  • Aspergillus species

Immunocompromised

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7
Q

What patient factors affect the chances of getting HCAI?

A
  • extremes of age
  • obesity/malnourished
  • diabetes
  • cancer
  • immunosuppression
  • smokers
  • surgical patient
  • emergency admission
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8
Q

What are the 4 P’s of prevention and control?

A
  • patient
  • pathogen
  • practice
  • place
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9
Q

In terms of patients, what factors affect prevention and control?

A
  • general and specific patient risk factors for infections

* their interactions with other patients, healthcare workers and visitors

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10
Q

In terms of pathogens, what factors affect prevention and control?

A
  • virulence factors

* ecological interactions - other bacteria, antibiotics

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11
Q

In terms of practice, what factors affect prevention and control?

A
  • general and specific activities of healthcare workers
  • policies and implementation
  • organisational structure and engagement
  • regional and national political initiatives
  • leadership at all level, from government to the ward
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12
Q

In terms of place, what factors affect prevention and control?

A
  • the healthcare environment - fixed features and variable features
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13
Q

Healthcare workers can be a what between patients?

A

A ‘vector’

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14
Q

What interventions against HCAI can be applied to the patient to prevent self-contamination (e.g. by normal body flora)?

A
  • general - optimise patients condition (e.g. smoking, nutrition, diabetes), antimicrobial prophylaxis given during surgery, skin preparation, hand hygiene
  • specific - MRSA screens, mupirocin nasal ointment, disinfectant body wash
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15
Q

What interventions against HCAI can be applied to the patient to prevent patient to patient spread?

A
  • physical barriers - isolation of infected patients and protection of susceptible patients
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16
Q

What interventions against HCAI can be applied to the patient to prevent healthcare worker to patient spread?

A
  • healthcare workers need to be healthy - disease free and vaccinated
  • need to have good practice - good clinical technique, head hygiene, PPE and antimicrobial prescribing
17
Q

What interventions against HCAI can be applied to the patient to prevent environment to patient spread?

A
  • built environment - space/layout, toilets, wash hand basins, positive/negative pressure rooms, theatres
  • furniture and furnishings (is it ideal/easy to clean?)
  • cleaning - disinfectants, steam cleaning, hydrogen peroxide vapour
  • medical devices - single use equipment, sterilisation and decontamination
  • good food hygiene practice and appropriate food/kitchen facilities
18
Q

What are the I-Five steps?

A
  1. Identify
  2. Isolate
  3. Investigate
  4. Inform
  5. Initiate
19
Q

What are the ABCDEF’s of identifying an infection?

A 
Abroad
Blood borne infections 
Colonised
Diarrhoea/vomiting
Expectorating 
Funny looking rash

Infection * (18 decks)

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