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Infection * > S1 Intro to Infection and Microbes > Flashcards

S1 Intro to Infection and Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infection?

A

Invasion of a host’s tissues by microorganisms that can cause disease

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2
Q

What ways do people get infections?

A
  1. Source
  2. Intermediary (from the source)
  3. From themselves
  4. Animals
  5. Environment (from the source)
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3
Q

How can infections be transmitted?

A
  1. Contact (direct, indirect, vectors)
  2. Inhalation (droplets and aerosols)
  3. Ingestion
  4. Vertical transmission (mother to child)
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4
Q

How do microorganisms cause disease? (5 steps)

A
  1. Exposure
  2. Adherence
  3. Invasion
  4. Multiplication
  5. Dissemination
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5
Q

What determines whether an infection causes a disease?

A
  1. Pathogen - virulence factors, inoculum size and antimicrobial resistance
  2. Patient - site of infection and comorbidities
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6
Q

How do you determine if a patient has an infection?

A
  • take a history - symptoms?
  • examination - organ dysfunctions?
  • investigations - specific and supportive
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7
Q

What are virulence factors?

A

‘Survival factors’ - improve the chances of reproduction

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8
Q

What are supportive investigations?

A
  • full blood count - raised neutrophils, lymphocytes, etc?
  • C-reactive protein
  • blood chemistry - liver and protein function tests
  • imaging
  • histopathology
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9
Q

What are some examples of investigating bacteriology?

A
  • take a specimen - swabs, fluids, tissues
  • M, C & S - microscopy, culture, antibiotic susceptibility
  • antigen detection
  • nucleic acid detection
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10
Q

What are some examples of investigating virology?

A
  • antigen detection
  • antibody detection - patients response
  • detecting viral nucleic acid
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11
Q

What are the four types of microorganisms causing disease?

A
  • viruses
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • parasites
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12
Q

What are prions?

A

Protein particles (no nucleic acid)

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13
Q

Describe the general structure of a virus?

A
  1. Nucleic acid inside - either DNA or RNA
  2. Protein coat
  3. Envelope
  4. Spikes (for attaching to specific cell surfaces)
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14
Q

What is the Baltimore classification of viruses?

A

Viruses are classed dependent on type of genome e.g. DNA or RNA, single-stranded or double-stranded and the method of replication

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15
Q

What are the 3 classes of DNA viruses? Give an example of each

A
  1. Single stranded, non-enveloped - Parvovirus 19
  2. Double-stranded, non-enveloped - Adenovirus
  3. Double-stranded, enveloped - Hepatitis B
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16
Q

What are bacteriophages?

A

Viruses that infect bacteria

Could we use them as treatment?

17
Q

What is the general structure of a bacteria?

A
  1. Nucleoid (circular DNA)
  2. Plasmids
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Cytoplasm
  5. Plasma membrane
  6. Cell wall
  7. Capsule
  8. Bacterial Flagellum
  9. Pili
18
Q

What are the bacterial shapes?

A
  1. Coccus (Cocci)
  2. Spirillus
  3. Bacillus/Rods (Bacilli)
19
Q

How can cocci be arranged?

A

Clusters e.g. staphylococci

or

Chains e.g. streptococci

20
Q

What are the differences in oxygen tolerance in bacteria?

A
  • aerobes
  • obligate aerobes
  • anaerobes
  • obligate anaerobes
21
Q

What is an obligate aerobe and anaerobe?

A

Aerobe - require oxygen

Anaerobe - require an oxygen free environment

22
Q

How do you name bacteria, fungi, parasites? (Taxonomy)

A

Genus + species

23
Q

What are the two types of fungi? Give examples

A
  1. Yeast (single-celled) - Candida albicans

2. Molds (multicellular) - dermatophytes (ringworm and athletes foot)

24
Q

What are the two types of parasites? Give examples

A
  1. Protozoa (single-celled) - Giardia lamblia and plasmodium falciparum
  2. Helminths (worms, multicellular) - roundworms and tapeworms
25
Q

What are the two major categories of bacteria?

A
  • gram negative

* gram positive

26
Q

What is the gram negative and positive bacteria classification based off of?

A

Based off the cell wall composition and reaction to the gram stain test

27
Q

What are the differences between gram negative and positive bacteria?

A

Positive - cell walls mostly composed of peptidoglycan/murein - stain purple after gram staining

Negative - cell walls have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane with a lipopolysaccharide component - stain red/pink after gram staining

28
Q

Name one gram positive cocci and one bacilli.

A

Cocci - staph aureus

Bacilli - bacillus cereus

29
Q

Name one gram negative cocci and one bacilli.

A

Cocci - neisseria gonorrhoeae

Bacilli - salmonella typhi

Infection * (18 decks)

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