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SA infections > S5) Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

S5) Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key players in adaptive immunity?

A
  • T cell
  • Antigen presenting cells (dendritic, langherhans, macrophages, B cells)
  • Tumour cells
  • Pathogens (bacteria, virus, fungi)
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2
Q

Identify and describe the two types of microbes found in the body

A
  • Extracellular microbes which replicate outside of the cell
  • Intracellular microbes which replicate inside the cell
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3
Q

Differentiate between the antigen presentation of extracellular and intracellular microbes respectively

A
  • Extracellular microbes → humoral immunity
  • Intracellular microbes → cell-dependent immunity
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4
Q

What are the strategic locations of APC’s ?

A
  • Skin (SALT)
  • Mucous membranes (BALT, NALT, GALT, GUALT)
  • Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen)
  • Blood circulation (plasmacytoid and myeloid DCs)
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5
Q

How do APC’s capture pathogens?

A
  • Phagocytosis (whole microbe)
  • Macropinocytosis (soluble particles)
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6
Q

Provide some examples for the different types of microbes

A

- Extracellular pathogens: bacteria, parasites, worms, fungi

- Intracellular pathogens: viruses, bacteria, protozoa

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7
Q

What are the components involved in humoral immunity?

A
  • Antibodies
  • Complement
  • Phagocytes
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8
Q

What are the components involved in cell-dependent immunity?

A
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
  • Antibodies
  • Macrophages
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9
Q

Identify the different types of APC’s found in the body

A
  • Dendritic cells
  • Langerhans cells
  • Macrophages
  • B cells
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10
Q

Where are dendritic cells found and which cells do they present to?

A
  • Location: lymph nodes, mucous membranes, blood
  • Presentation: naive T cells
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11
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found and which cells do they present to?

A
  • Location: skin
  • Presentation: naive T cells
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12
Q

Where are macrophages found and which cells do they present to?

A
  • Location: various tissues
  • Presentation: effector T cells
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13
Q

Where are B cells found and which cells do they present to?

A
  • Location: lymphoid tissues
  • Presentation: effector and naive T cells
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14
Q

Where are Class I and Class II MHC found respectively?

A
  • Class I molecules are found on all nucleated cells
  • Class II molecules are found on dendritic cells, macrophages & B cells (APC’s)
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15
Q

What does MHC stand for and what is the gene complex encoding it?

A
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex
  • Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
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16
Q

Identify and describe two key genetic features of MHC class I and class II molecules

A
  • Co-dominant expression – both parental genes are expressed → increase in the number of different MHC molecules
  • Polymorphic genes – different alleles among different individuals → increased presentation of different antigens/microbes
17
Q

What is the main function of MHC molecules?

A
  • MHC class I: present peptides from intracellular microbes and are recognised by CD8+ T cells
  • MHC class II: present peptides from extracellular microbes and are recognised by CD4+ T cells
18
Q

Describe the structure of MHC molecules

A
  • Peptide binding cleft: variable region with highly polymorphic residues
  • Broad specificity: many peptides presented by the same MHC molecules
19
Q

What are the two different antigen processing pathways?

A
20
Q

In two steps, explain the response for slow-progressor HIV-infected individuals

A

⇒ MHC molecules present key peptides for the survival of the virus (unmutated)

⇒ Effective T cell response

21
Q

In three steps, explain the response for rapid-progressor HIV-infected individuals

A

⇒ MHC molecules present mutated peptides (less critical peptides for the virus)

⇒ Poor recognition by T cells

⇒ Poor T cell responses

22
Q

Identify two of the clinical problems associated with MHC molecules

A
  • Major causes for organ transplant rejection i.e. HLA molecules mismatch between donor and recipient (allograft)
  • HLA association with autoimmune disease e.g. Ankylosing spondylitis, Diabetes Mellitus Type I
23
Q

Outline the features of T lymphocytes in terms of:

  • Antigen receptor
  • Types of T cells
A
  • Antigen receptor: T cell receptor (TCR)
  • Types of T cells: CD3+, CD4+, CD8+
24
Q

Illustrate microbe processing and presentation in humoral immunity

A
25
Q

Illustrate microbe processing and presentation in cell-dependent immunity

A
26
Q

Explain the activation of the right T helper cells (TH) response

A
27
Q

Illustrate T cell response to intracellular microbes

A
28
Q

Explain T cell response to extracellular microbes

A
29
Q

Briefly describe the characteristics of antibody response

A
30
Q

State the immune functions of the IgG and IgA antibodies

A
  • IgG – phagocytosis, complement activation, neonatal immunity
  • IgA – mucosal immunity
31
Q

State the the immune functions of the IgE and IgM antibodies

A
  • IgE – immunity against helminths, mast cell degranulation (allergies)
  • IgM – complement activation
32
Q

antigen presenting cells

A
  • in strategic locations (gut, lung, skin)
    *
33
Q

IL-1 and TNF

A

can cause fever like sysmptoms

SA infections (19 decks)

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