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SA infections > S1) Infection Overview > Flashcards

S1) Infection Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infection?

A

An infection is the invasion of a host’s tissues by micro organisms

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2
Q

How do people get infections?

Explain by means of a diagram

A
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3
Q

Identify 3 mechanisms that manifest as disease

A
  • Microbial multiplication
  • Toxins
  • Host response
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4
Q

Identify and describe the modes of horizontal transmission

A

any form of transmission not from parent - child

  • Contact: direct, indirect, vectors
  • Inhalation: droplets, aerosols
  • Ingestion: faecal-oral route
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5
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

Vertical transmission is transmission from mother to child, before or at birth eg HIV

  • pass via placenta, breastmilk
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6
Q

Describe how microbiota can cause infection

A
  • Microbiota are micro-organisms carried on skin and mucosal surfaces
  • Normally harmless / even beneficial unless transferred to other sites
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7
Q

Identify and provide an example for the different mediums for getting infections

A
  • Physical contact e.g. STI
  • Airborne spread e.g. Chickenpox
  • Animal vector e.g. mosquito for malaria
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8
Q

Describe how one can get an infection from one’s environment

A
  • Ingestion of contaminated food or water
  • Inhalation of contaminated air
  • Contact with contaminated surfaces
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9
Q

State the first 5 steps that lead to disease caused by micro-organisms

A
  • Exposure
  • Adherence
  • Invasion
  • Multiplication
  • Disemmination
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10
Q

Virulence factors are involved in the second step (Adherence) that leads to disease caused by micro-organisms.

Identify some examples

A

binding of a pathogen to host cell via adhesion protein, ligand, cell wall, capsule surface

Virulence factors - specific adaptations of pathogen to improve infection:

  • Exotoxins – cytotoxic, AB toxins, superantigens, enzymes
  • Endotoxins - cell wall components that cause host cell damage
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11
Q

What is the last step that leads to disease caused by micro-organisms?

A

Direct host cellular damage

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12
Q

Identify the disease determinants for pathogens

A

Pathogen:

  • Virulence factors
  • Inoculum size
  • Antimicrobial resistance
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13
Q

Identify the disease determinants for patients

A

Patient:

  • Site of infection
  • Co-morbidities
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14
Q

What 4 overlying questions should one ask when treating a patient with a potential infection?

A
  • Is there an infection?
  • Where is the infection?
  • What is the cause of the infection?
  • What is the best treatment?
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15
Q

What history should one take when treating a patient with a potential infection?

A
  • Symptoms

I. Local / systemic

II. Severity

III. Duration

  • Potential exposures
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16
Q

What examination should one perform when treating a patient with a potential infection?

A

Examine organ dysfunction

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17
Q

Which two investigations should one perform when dealing with a patient with a potential infection?

A
  • Specific investigations
  • Supportive investigations
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18
Q

Provide 5 examples of supportive investigations

A
  • Full blood count
  • C reactive protein
  • Liver and kidney function tests
  • Imaging: X-ray, ultrasound, MRI
  • Histopathology
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19
Q

Which specimen types are used in bacteriology?

A
  • Swabs
  • Fluids
  • Tissues
20
Q

Identify the 5 steps involved in bacteriology

A
  • Microscopy
  • Culture (patient and bacteria cells)
  • Antimicrobial susceptibility
  • Antigen detection
  • Nucleic acid detection
21
Q

Outline the three steps involved in virology

A
  • Antigen detection (the virus)
  • Antibody detection (the patient’s response)
  • Detecting viral nuclei acid (DNA or RNA)
22
Q

Identify 4 key considerations regarding infection

A
  • New pathogens
  • Antimicrobial resistance
  • Healthcare infections
  • Re-labelling of established diseases as infections
23
Q

All clinicians encounter patients with infections.

However, identify the specialities whose primary interest is infection management

A
  • Infectious diseases
  • Medical microbiology and virology
  • Genitourinary medicine
  • Health protection
24
Q

Which measurements are included in a full blood count?

A
  • WBC count
  • WBC differential
  • RBC count
  • Haemoglobin
  • Haematocrit
  • Mean corpuscular volume
25
Q

What is the white blood cell count?

A

WBC count is a measurement of the actual number of white blood cells per volume of blood

26
Q

What is a white blood cell differential?

A

White blood cell differential looks at the types of white blood cells present:

  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
27
Q

What is the red blood cell count?

A

RBC count: is a count of the actual number of red blood cells per volume of blood

28
Q

What is the haemoglobin measurement?

A

Haemoglobin measures the amount of oxygen-carrying protein in the blood

29
Q

What is the haematocrit measurement?

A

Haematocrit measures the amount of space red blood cells take up in the blood (reported as a percentage / a proportion)

30
Q

What is mean corpuscular volume?

A

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a measurement of the average size of your RBCs

31
Q

Identify the circumstances where one can expect increases/decreases in WBC

A
  • Increases: infections, inflammation, leukaemia, cancer
  • Decreases: splenomegaly, bone marrow failure, liver disease, some autoimmune conditions
32
Q

Identify the circumstances where one can expect increases/decreases in lymphocyte%

A
  • Increases in conditions like chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
  • Increases/decreases by viral infections
33
Q

Identify the circumstances where one can expect increases/decreases in neutrophil%

A

Varies daily:

  • Increased in bacterial infections (support diagnosis)
  • Decreased in certain infections
34
Q

Exotoxins

A

cytolytic - membrane damaging

AB toxins - B binds to cell and delovers A which interferes with the cell function

super antigens - actovate T cell

Enzymes - destroy tissue

  • usually heat libile proteins secreted by garma positive bacteria. They are highly toxic and antigenic
35
Q

endotoxins

A

host cell damages a part of the cell wall as a result of the immune response

causes an inflammatory response

  • heat stable and forms structural components of gram negative bacteria
  • mildly toxic and antigenic
36
Q

factors effecting if pathogen causes disease

A

a) virulence factors
b) inoculum size
c) antimicrobial resistance

37
Q

non - phagocytic invasion

A

zipper method - bacteria tricks cell into forming a cell junction

trigger method - bacteria injects things into cell so cell moulds around it shut it

anna was here <3

38
Q

3 factors to check when finding out if a patient has an infection

A
  • history
  • examination
  • investigation
39
Q

5 ways a pathogen can cause infection

A
  1. exposure
  2. adherance
  3. invasion
  4. multiplication
  5. dissemination
40
Q

non-phagocytic cell division

A

bacteria invade phagocyte via zipper method

bind to receptor involved in binding to other cells = forms junction and the host cell ends up engulfign bacteria

41
Q

dissemination

A

spreading of bacteria via blood and lymphatics

42
Q

binary fission

A
  1. replication of main strand of circular DNA
  2. replication of plasmid with desirable gene
  3. main strand copies move to oppsite side of cell
  4. bacteria pinches in middle and splits
43
Q

why can Tb be reactivated later in life

A

contained by granuloma, during immunosuppression it can break down and release bacteria

44
Q
A
45
Q

how to carry out gram stain in bacteria

A
  1. crystal violet solution is added
  2. peptoglycan layer of the gram positive bacteria will take up stain
  3. safranin solution added

SA infections (19 decks)

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