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SA infections > S2) Introduction to Microbes > Flashcards

S2) Introduction to Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the 4 constituents of the ‘microbial world’

A
  • Viruses => thread like and reproduce in a host
  • Bacteria => single celled and no nucleus
  • Parasites => single celled with nucleus
  • Fungi => single celled with thread like filaments
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2
Q

Identify 8 micro-organisms and list them in order of increasing size

A

→ Prions

→ Proteins

→ Viruses

→ Mycoplasma / Chlamydiae / Rickettsiae

→ Mitochondria

→ Bacteria

→ Eukaryotic cells (yeasts, protozoa, etc)

→ Worms

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3
Q

List 4 components of a virus

A
  • Envelope
  • Protein coat
  • Spikes
  • Nucleic acid (DNA / RNA)
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4
Q

What are the different bacterial shapes?

A
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5
Q

What colour do Gram positive bacteria stain?

A

Stain purple

Positive = Purple

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6
Q

What are the components of Gram positive gram stains?

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Periplasmic space
  • Peptidoglycan
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7
Q

What colour do Gram negative bacteria stain?

A

Stain red

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8
Q

What are the components of Gram negative gram stains?

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Periplasmic space
  • Peptidoglycan (thinner than gram positive) more susceptible to damage
  • Outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide and protein)
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9
Q

Identify and describe different bacteria in terms of their oxygen tolerance

A
  • Aerobes – require oxygen in environment for survival
  • Anaerobes – require oxygen-free environment for survival
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10
Q

Identify 3 medically important Gram Positive cocci bacteria

A
  • Staph aureus (cellulitis)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Strep pyogenes (pneumonia, scarlett fever)
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11
Q

Identify 2 medically important Gram Positive bacilli bacteria

A
  • Listeria monocytogenes (sepsis, meningitis)
  • Clostridium difficile (diarrehoea and collitis)
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12
Q

Identify 2 medically important Gram Negative cocci bacteria

A
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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13
Q

Identify 4 medically important Gram Negative bacilli bacteria

A
  • E.coli
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Salmonella typhi
  • Haemophilus influenzae
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14
Q

Identify two mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis

A
  • Virulence factors
  • Toxins
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15
Q

Identify 4 virulence factors and provide an example for each

A
  • Host entry e.g. polysaccharide capsule
  • Adherence to host cells e.g. pili, fimbrae
  • Invasiveness e.g. enzymes such as collagenase
  • Iron sequestration e.g. siderophores
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16
Q

Identify 2 types of toxins and provide and example for each

A
  • Exotoxins e.g. diphtheria toxin
  • Endotoxins e.g. lipopolysaccharide
17
Q

Identify 2 types of fungi and provide and example for each

A
  • Yeasts (unicellular) e.g. Candida albicans
  • Moulds (multicellular) e.g. Dermatophytes
18
Q

Identify 2 types of parasites and provide and example for each

A
  • Protozoa (unicellular) e.g. Plasmodium falciparum
  • Helminths (multicellular) e.g. Roundworms, tapeworms
19
Q

Describe the kinetics of bacterial growth in a liquid medium

A
20
Q

describe a gram positive bacteria

A

thick, multi layered, walls are exterior to the cytoplasmic membrane

21
Q

describe a gram negative bacteria

A

more complex cell wall structure ( 2 membranes seperated by periplasmic space)

22
Q

comparison of sizes between bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi

A

smallest = virus

largest = parasite

23
Q

layers surrounding bacteria

A

cell envelope - consists of cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall and capsule

cell wall - peptidoglycan (determines shape of cell) target for many antiibiotics this detrmines the gram stain

capsule - sticky, viscous material forming a coat around cell (allows cells to adhere, protect from attack and diffusion barrier)

24
Q

list microbes that are prokaryotic

A

bacteria

25
Q

agar plates

A
  • culture bacteria
  • red due to addition of blood
  • enriched medium as blood provides nutrients for bacteria to grow
  • chocolate agar - blood has been lysed and intracellular nutrients have been released
    *
26
Q
A
27
Q

benefits of normal flora

A
  • competes for nutrients with invading pathogens and win
  • produce antimicrobial substances that other microbes are suceptible to
  • help educate the immmune system

eg

  • lactobacilli in vagina maintain acidic environment = inhibits growth of other microbes
    *
28
Q

harmful effects of notmal flora

A
  • somtimes normal flora can reach other surfaces eg. staphylococcus epidermis and can breach skin
  • normal bowel flora can cause colitis if misplaced
29
Q

what part of body is home to the most amount of flora

A

intestines

SA infections (19 decks)

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