S5 Flashcards
(18 cards)
Define substance misuse
The harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs. There can be difficulties in controlling its use
What are three types of substances?
Stimulants, hallucinogens and depressants
What is dependence?
Physical dependence- experiencing symptoms associated with withdrawal from the substance
Psychological dependence- having impairing control
What risk factors are associated for drug use?
Issues relating to family life, mental health, employment and educational attainment, social groups, previous drug use, biology
What are the theories of dependence?
learning theories, imitation theories
Describe the theories of dependence: imitation theories
Example: CBT (positive reward and develops self-efficacy) and 12-step programme
Modelling: risk of developing drug use issues is increased if you see others around you participating in this behaviour
Expectation: a positive reward makes drug use more likely. Negative experience will promote avoidance sometimes
Self-efficacy: how you view your ability to abstain or deal with situations impacts on behaviour
Describe the theories of dependence: rational choice theories
Dependency involves making rational choice that favours the benefits of dependence over the cost. Individuals are motivated by their ‘preferences’ which are their wants or goals. People who ‘discount’ the future more are more likely to become addicted
What are different treatment models for addiction?
Medical model, disease model, behavioural model
What is the medical model for addiction?
Abnormal condition that causes discomfort, dysfunction, or distress to the individual afflicted. Focuses on the physical condition and pharmaceutical treatment preferred.
What is the disease model for addiction aka the Minnesota model?
Addiction is an illness, with loss of control the primary symptom.
What is the behavioural model for addiction?
Addiction doesn’t exist, excessive use is a ‘mis-learnt coping-mechanism’ from social, economic and familial learned experiences.
What are the harm reduction techniques for addiction treatment?
Alcohol: vitamin B, safety advice
opiates: naloxones, overdose awareness
Injecting: needle exchange, BBV screenings, sexual health, injecting advice
What are psychosocial interventions for addiction treatments?
Motivational interviewing, CBT, Mindfulness, Solution Focused therapy, Relapse prevention, Peer Support, Mutual aid
When is substitute prescribing?
Buprenorophine- mixed agonist-antagonist opioid receptor modulator
Dexamphetamine for amphetamine
Prescribing a drug which eases withdrawal symptoms whilst causing less harm and not invoking the euphoria of the drug.
What drugs are used for detoxification?
Alcohol- give benzodiazepines
Opiates: opiate substitutes- methadone, buprenorphine
Synthetic cannabinoids: symptomatic detox- chlordiazepoxide
What are the two types of withdrawal?
Psychological- applies to all substances
physical-generally CNS depressants
Risk levels very different by substance
What are some alcohol withdrawal symptoms?
Withdrawal fits/seizures
delirium tremens- consists of confusion and agitation, florid visual hallucinations= treat with benzodiazepines
Wernicke’s encephalopathy- difficult to diagnose: triad of confusion, ataxia and ophthalmoplegia. Brain disease associated with thiamine deficiency
Death
Describe the variety of UK agencies to which patients with addiction problems can be referred
- Local drug services found via Frank website
- NHS choices alcohol support
- Various charities
