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PaSS > S2 > Flashcards

S2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biomedical model of health?

A

The biomedical model of health focuses on purely biological factors and excludes psychological, environmental, and social influences. It is the leading modern way for health care professionals to diagnose and treat a condition in most Western countries.

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2
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model of health?

A

Framework that states the interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors determine the cause, manifestation, and outcome of wellness and disease

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3
Q

Describe how behavioural, psychological, and social factors contribute to health and disease

A

Behavioural factors: tobacco use, alcohol consumption, inadequate physical activity, some sexual practices, and high-fat or low-fibre diets

Psychological factors: stress, cognition, emotion

Social factors: early life experiences, social support, employment, social class

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4
Q

What are lay health beliefs?

A

Beliefs about health and illness held by non-professionals, exploring what health means to people

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5
Q

What is the negative definition of health?

A

Health equates to the absence of illness

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6
Q

What is the functional definition of health?

A

Health is the ability to do certain things

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7
Q

What is the positive definition of health?

A

Health is a state of well-being and fitness

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8
Q

What constitutes lay theories of health?

A

One’s cultural, social and personal knowledge and experience and own biography

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9
Q

What is a disadvantage of lay theories of health?

A

Medical information may be rejected if it is incompatible with competing ideas for which people consider there is good evidence

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10
Q

What are the two distinct issues of lay epidemiology?

A

Understand why and how illness happens

Why it happened to a particular person at a particular time

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11
Q

How does lay beliefs influence health behaviour?

A

Engaging in an activity that impacts on health or helps prevent illness

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12
Q

How does lay beliefs influence illness behaviour?

A

Ill person engages to define illness and seek solution

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13
Q

How does lay beliefs influence sick role behaviour?

A

Formal response to symptoms, including seeking formal help and actions of person as a patient

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14
Q

What is the symptom iceberg?

A

Phenomenon that most symptoms are managed in the community without people seeking professional health care

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15
Q

What influences illness behaviour?

A

Culture, visibility or salience of symptoms, extent to which symptoms disrupt life, frequency and persistence of symptoms, tolerance threshold, information and understanding, availability of resources, lay referral

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16
Q

What is the lay referral system?

A

The chain of advice seeking contacts which the sick make with other lay people prior to-or instead of- seeking help from healthcare professionals

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17
Q

Why is lay referral important?

A

Helps you to understand: why people might have delayed in seeking help, how, why and when people consult a doctor, your role as a doctor in their health, use of health services and medication, use of alternative medicines

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18
Q

What is a key factor influencing how quickly medical advice is sought?

A

Symptom evaluation

19
Q

What are the three broad groups in the adherence to treatment?

A

Deniers and distancers, accepters, pragmatists

20
Q

what is medication behaviour tied to?

A

People’s beliefs about condition, social circumstances, and threat to identity

21
Q

What is a chronic illness?

A

Chronic diseases are diseases which current medical interventions can only control not cure. There is no return to normal life. Includes LTC

22
Q

What is a long-term condition?

A

LTC is a condition that cannot, at present, be cured but is controlled by medication and/or other treatment/therapies

23
Q

What percentage of total health and care spent in England is attributed to caring for people with LTCs?

A

70%

24
Q

How the sociological approach to chronic illness distinct?

A

Focuses on how chronic illness impacts on social interaction and role performance

Modern theory derived mostly from studies in the interactionist tradition

Concerned with experiences and meanings of chronic illness- a negotiated reality

Interested in how people manage and negotiate chronic illness in everyday life (individually and through social networks/systems?

25
Q

What is the model of the sick role?

A

Sick role is a temporary, medially sanctioned form of deviant behaviour. Functional theory of experience of illness. In order to be excused their usual duties and to be considered not to be responsible for their condition, the sick person is expected to seek professional advice and to adhere to treatments in order to get well. Medical practitioners are empowered to sanction their temporary absence from the workforce and family duties as well as to absolve them of blame.

Not directly acknowledging role of the body- relationship between society and individual

26
Q

What are illness narratives?

A

How individuals make sense of their illness, drawing on their physical experience and social understandings

How individuals rebuild their identity and sense of self

27
Q

What are the limitations of the sick role?

A

Not all illnesses are temporary, does not acknowledge differences between people, does not acknowledge individual agency in defining and coping with illness- not involving medical profession

28
Q

What are the factors of sociological theory on chronic illness?

A

Illness work, everyday life work, emotional work, biographical work, identity work

29
Q

What must be done before coping with the social relationships involving chronic illness?

A

Deal with the physical manifestations of illness

30
Q

List positive self-management interventions

A

Coping and conditions management skills, aims to reduce hospital admissions, patient centred

31
Q

List negative self-management interventions

A

Responsibility for care placed on (very ill) patients, real agency and understanding, little evidence of efficiency savings

32
Q

Everyday work: What is coping?

A

The cognitive processes involved in dealing with illness

33
Q

Everyday work: What is strategic management?

A

Actions and processes involved in the managing the condition and its impact

34
Q

What is the process of emotional work?

A

Work that people do to protect the emotional well-being of others

Maintaining normal activities becomes deliberately conscious

People find friendships disrupted and may strategically withdraw or restrict their social terrain

May involve downplaying pain or other symptoms

Presenting “cheery self”

35
Q

What biographical work occurs in chronic illness?

A

Loss of self: former self-image crumbles away without simultaneous development of equally valued new ones

36
Q

What is biographical disruption?

A

Focuses on people’s experience on the onset of illness as a disruptive event, acknowledges differences between individuals

37
Q

What are three aspects of biographical disruption?

A

Disruption of taken-for-granted behaviours
Disruption in explanatory systems (medical knowledge of disease incomplete)
Mobilisation of resources (e.g rearranging personal and community involvements, supportive social network)

38
Q

What are the limits to Bury’s biographical disruption?

A

Does not deal with conditions from birth, some social groups expect illness more than others, later work has shown that older people may see chronic illness as ‘biographically normal’

39
Q

What does identity work affect?

A

How people see themselves and how others see them

40
Q

What is Goffman’s theory of social stigma?

A

A stigma occurs when there is a discrepancy between the two- people are perceived differently to how they feel. Discrepancy spoils social identity.

41
Q

What is the difference between discredited and discreditable stigma?

A

Discredited- have a stigma that is predominantly visible e.g. physical disability

Discreditable- have a stigma that is predominantly concealable e.g. mental illness

42
Q

What is the difference between felt and enacted stigma?

A

Felt- refers to the shame and expectation of discrimination that prevents people from talking about their experiences and stops them seeking help

Enacted- refers to the experience of unfair treatment by others e.g. prejudice, discrimination and disadvantage

43
Q

what is illness work?

A

the period leading up to getting the diagnosis, and/ore dealing with the physical manifestations of illness and how an individual’s self-conception changes as a result of living with their condition

PaSS (9 decks)

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