S4 - Chemistry Test (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are polymers?

A

Giant molecules formed when lots of small molecules join together

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2
Q

How are alkene monomers made?

A

By cracking long-chain alkanes

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3
Q

What are the properties of poly(ethene) and what is it used for?

A
  • Cheap
  • Strong
  • Plastic bags and bottles
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4
Q

What are the properties of poly(propane) and what is it used for?

A
  • Strong
  • High elasticity
  • Crates and ropes
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5
Q

What are the properties of poly(chloroethene) and what is it used for?

A
  • Rigid
  • Building materials: drain pipes & insulating wiring
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6
Q

What properties to polymers generally have?

A
  • Light
  • Don’t break
  • Don’t rot
  • Don’t conduct electricity
  • Thermoplastic - can be melted and made into other shapes
  • Thermoset - will not melt after forming
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7
Q

What are alloys?

A

Metals and some non-metals mixed together

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8
Q

What are the properties of stainless steel and what elements is it made up of?

A
  • Strong & resists corrosion
  • Iron & Chromium
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9
Q

What are the properties of Duralumin and what elements is it made up of?

A
  • Strong & low density
  • Aluminium, copper & magnesium
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10
Q

What elements do plants need?

A

Nitrogen, Potassium & Phosphorus

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of fertilisers?

A

Natural & synthetic

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12
Q

What are examples of natural fertilisers?

A

Compost or manure

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13
Q

What are synthetic fertilisers?

A

Ionic compounds that contain either N, P or K

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14
Q

What property does a good fertiliser have and why?

A
  • Soluble in water
  • So it can be absorbed through the roots
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15
Q

What is ammonia and is it soluble?

A

A colourless gas with a pungent smell.
Yes.

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16
Q

What solution does ammonia give?

A

An alkaline solution

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17
Q

What is the Haber process and when was it developed?

A

It converts nitrogen and hydrogen gas into ammonia.
Early 20th century.

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18
Q

What is the Ostwald process?

A

The production of nitric acid by catalytic oxidation of ammonia

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19
Q

What is the catalyst used in the Ostwald process?

A

Platinum

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20
Q

Why do atoms become radioactive?

A

Because their nuclei are unstable

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21
Q

What happens when an atoms nucleus becomes unstable?

A

It will begin to decompose to release energy and particles

22
Q

What are the three types of radiation?

A

Alpha, beta, gamma

23
Q

What are uses for radiation?

A

Radioisotopes have a range of uses in medicine and in industry

24
Q

What is Americium 241 used for?

A

Put in smoke detectors

25
Q

What is Iodine 131 used for?

A

To treat thyroid cancer

26
Q

What is the half-life of an atom?

A

The time taken for the number of radioactive atoms in a substance to drop by half

27
Q

What happens when metals react with air?

A

They become metal oxides

28
Q

What happens when metals react with water?

A

They undergo a displacement reaction

29
Q

What is the equation for displacement reactions?

A

Metal + Water -> Alkali + Hydrogen

30
Q

What happens when metals react with acid?

A

Hydrogen gas is displaced and a salt solution is formed

31
Q

What is the reactivity series?

A

Lithium
Potassium
Barium
Calcium
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Carbon
Zinc
Iron
Nickel
Tin
Lead
Hydrogen
Copper
Mercury
Siver
Gold
Platinum

32
Q

From what element to what element reacts with oxygen?

A

Lithium -> Silver

33
Q

From what element to what element reacts with dilute acid?

A

Lithium -> Lead

34
Q

From what element to what element reacts with water?

A

Lithium -> sodium

35
Q

What are oxidation reactions?

A

Reactions that always involve the loss of electrons

36
Q

What are reduction reactions?

A

Reactions that always involve the gain in electrons

37
Q

What is corrosion?

A

The breakdown of a metal by chemical reactions with its environment

38
Q

What must be present for corrosion to take place?

A

Oxygen and water

39
Q

What happens when metals corrode?

A

They become weak and dull

40
Q

What methods do we use to protect metals from corrosion?

A
  • Physical barriers
  • Electrochemical protection
  • Galvanising
41
Q

What are examples of physical barriers when protecting metals from corrosion?

A

Paint, oil, plastic or a less reactive metal

42
Q

What does electrochemical protection involve when protecting metals from corrosion?

A

Giving the metal electrons to stop it corroding

43
Q

What does galvanising involve when protecting metals from corrosion and why?

A

Coating the metal with zinc.
Zinc has a natural oxide layer which stops it corroding.

44
Q

What reaction is extracting metals an example of?

A

A reduction reaction

45
Q

What are the methods of extraction for the elements in the reactivity series?

A
46
Q

What do chemical cells do?

A

Convert chemical energy to electrical energy

47
Q

What is a battery?

A

2 or more chemical cells joined together

48
Q

What does a simple chemical cell consist of?

A

2 electrodes made of different metals and an electrolyte

49
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

A solution/material that can conduct electricity

50
Q

Why are electrolytes important?

A

To complete a circuit

51
Q

What is an ion/salt bridge used for and what does it do?

A

Link 2 cells together, complete a circuit