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(1) Kinesiology > S3_L4: Gait > Flashcards

S3_L4: Gait Flashcards

1
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the abnormal / pathologic gait patterns

  1. Hyperextension of the knee on stance phase
  2. Causes are weak gluteus maximus, affectation of the inferior gluteal nerve
  3. Leg crosses the midline for each step
  4. Causes are weak quadriceps, affectation of the femoral nerve, anterior horn cell disorders
  5. Weight-bearing avoidance / reduction on the affected limb presenting as decreased stance phase
  6. Causes are weak gluteus medius, superior gluteal nerve affectation

A. Antalgic gait
B. Trendelenburg gait
C. Forward Lurch
D. Genu recurvatum gait
E. Backward Lurch
F. Scissoring gait

A
  1. D
  2. E
  3. F
  4. C
  5. A
  6. B
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1
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the abnormal / pathologic gait patterns

  1. Exaggerated lateral trunk movements (side-to-side) and hip elevation
  2. Hip EADIR, ankle PF / Inversion
  3. Flexed hip and/or knee flexion during stance
  4. Short steps, no heel strike, no arm swing, no pelvic rotation, usually toe strikes first
  5. Too wide BoS during gait
  6. Causes are deformities (abducted hip, valgus knee), balance problems (cerebellar ataxia)

A. Parkinsonian Gait / Festinating Gait
B. Waddling gait / Myopathic gait
C. Ataxic Gait / Drunken Sailor Gait
D. Hemiplegic Gait
E. Crouched Gait

A
  1. B
  2. D
  3. E
  4. A
  5. C
  6. C
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2
Q

Determine the corresponding phase of stair gait during ascent that the ff belongs to

  1. Foot clearance: foot lifted off ground
  2. Weight acceptance: starting to give BW to leading LE
  3. Pull up: propel body upwards
  4. Foot placement: foot prepares to take a step on stair
  5. Forward continuance: move body forward

A. Stance phase
B. Swing phase

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. A
  4. B
  5. A
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3
Q

Determine whether walking, running, or sprinting is described

  1. Initial contact = midfoot
  2. Hip did not move into extension
  3. (+) Double-support
  4. Maximum knee flexion = 60°
  5. Hip extension at toe-off

A. Walking
B. Running
C. Sprinting

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
  4. A
  5. B
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4
Q

Determine whether walking, running, or sprinting is described

  1. Initial contact = heel
  2. Maximum knee flexion = 130°
  3. Trunk erect
  4. No double-support
  5. Maximum knee flexion = 90°

A. Walking
B. Running
C. Sprinting

A
  1. A
  2. C
  3. A
  4. C
  5. B
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5
Q

Phase where the LE are no longer in contact with ground

A

Floating phase

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6
Q

Determine the corresponding kinetics of the Hip joint in the stance phases of gait

  1. Hip extensors concentric
  2. Adductor magnus eccentric
  3. Iliofemoral ligament counteracts extensor moment
  4. Hip extensors eccentric
  5. Iliopsoas eccentric

A. Initial contact
B. Loading response
C. Midstance
D. Terminal stance
E. Preswing

A
  1. B
  2. E
  3. D
  4. A
  5. C
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7
Q

Determine the corresponding kinetics of the Hip joint in the swing phases of gait

  1. Momentum from initial swing passively flexes the hip
  2. Hip flexors concentric
  3. Hamstrings eccentric

A. Initial swing
B. Midswing
C. Terminal swing

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. C
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8
Q

Determine the corresponding kinetics of the Knee joint in the swing phases of gait

  1. Gravitational force passively extends the knee
  2. Hamstrings eccentric
  3. Momentum passively brings the knee into maximal flexion

A. Initial swing
B. Midswing
C. Terminal swing

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
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9
Q

Determine the corresponding kinetics of the Ankle joint in the swing phases of gait

  1. Dorsiflexors isometric
  2. Dorsiflexors concentric

A. Initial swing
B. Midswing
C. Terminal swing
D. B & C

A
  1. D
  2. A
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10
Q

Determine the corresponding kinetics of the Knee joint in the stance phases of gait

  1. Popliteus / gastrocnemius eccentric
  2. Quadriceps eccentric
  3. Rectus femoris eccentric
  4. Hamstrings eccentric

A. Initial contact
B. Loading response
C. Midstance
D. Terminal stance
E. Preswing

A
  1. C
  2. B
  3. E
  4. A
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11
Q

Determine the corresponding kinetics of the Ankle joint in the stance phases of gait

  1. Dorsiflexors isometric
  2. Plantarflexors concentric
  3. Dorsiflexors eccentric
  4. Plantarflexors eccentric

A. Initial contact
B. Loading response
C. Midstance
D. Terminal stance
E. Preswing
F. D & E

A
  1. A
  2. F
  3. B
  4. C
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12
Q

Determine the corresponding peak activity within the gait cycle of the ff muscles

  1. Heel strike
  2. Heel strike to foot flat
  3. Midstance
  4. Push-off
  5. Early swing
  6. Terminal swing

A. Hip flexors
B. Hamstrings
C. Quadriceps femoris
D. Hip abductors
E. Ankle dorsiflexors
F. Ankle plantarflexors

A
  1. E
  2. C
  3. D
  4. F
  5. A
  6. B
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13
Q

Determine the corresponding activity of the ff muscles in the gait cycle

  1. Be able to propel LE towards swing phase
  2. Maintain leveled pelvis
  3. Eccentric; Control swinging of leg
  4. Starting to WB; loading response
  5. Prevent foot from slapping on ground
  6. To propel extremity forward

A. Hip flexors
B. Hamstrings
C. Quadriceps femoris
D. Hip abductors
E. Ankle dorsiflexors
F. Ankle plantarflexors

A
  1. F
  2. D
  3. B
  4. C
  5. E
  6. A
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14
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of immature and mature types of gait

  1. Pronated foot during weight bearing
  2. UE produces reciprocal arm swing
  3. Foot flat at initial contact
  4. Knee in slight flexion (~5°) during midstance
  5. UE at high, medium, then low-guard position
  6. Increased cadence

A. Mature gait
B. Immature gait

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
  5. B
  6. B
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15
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of immature and mature types of gait

  1. Sufficient foot clearance at swing phase
  2. Wider BoS
  3. Lack of pelvic mobility such as tilt
  4. At swing phase: excessive hip and knee flexion, hip abduction, and lateral rotation
  5. Adequate foot arch during weight bearing
  6. Knee hyperextension throughout stance

A. Mature gait
B. Immature gait

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. B
  4. B
  5. A
  6. B
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16
Q

Determine the corresponding timing of each limb in stance phase

Ipsilateral limb
1. Initial contact
2. Loading response
3. Midstance
4. Terminal stance
5. Pre-swing

Contralateral limb
A. Preswing
B. Initial contact → loading response
C. Terminal swing → initial contact
D. End of terminal stance
E. Midswing

A
  1. D
  2. A
  3. E
  4. C
  5. B
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17
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the subphases in stance phase (Traditional)

  1. Point at which the CoG and LoG are directly above the foot/stance LE
  2. Point at which only the toe of the ipsilateral extremity is in contact with the ground
  3. Instant / point at which the heel of the leading extremity strikes the ground
  4. Point at which the heel of the reference extremity leaves the ground
  5. Point at which the entire foot fully contacts the ground

A. Heel strike
B. Foot flat
C. Single Leg Stance / Midstance
D. Heel off
E. Toe off

A
  1. C
  2. E
  3. A
  4. D
  5. B
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18
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the subphases in stance phase (Ranchos Los Amigos)

  1. Preparation for the swing phase, the period from just following point of heel off to point of toe off
  2. Period from the end of midstance to a point just prior to initial contact of the contralateral extremity
  3. Begins when the contralateral extremity lifts off the ground and continues to a period in which the body has progressed over and ahead of the supporting extremity
  4. The instant the foot of the leading extremity strikes the ground
  5. Occurs immediately following initial contact and continues until the contralateral extremity lifts off the ground at the end of the double-support phase

A. Initial contact
B. Loading response
C. Midstance
D. Terminal stance
E. Pre-swing

A
  1. E
  2. D
  3. C
  4. A
  5. B
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19
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the subphases in swing phase (Ranchos Los Amigos)

  1. Encompasses period immediately following maximum knee flexion and continues until the tibia is in a vertical period (perpendicular to ground)
  2. Period from the point at which the tibia is in vertical position to a point just prior to initial contact
  3. Begins at the same point of acceleration and continues until maximum knee flexion of the reference extremity occurs

A. Initial swing / early swing
B. Midswing
C. Terminal swing / Late swing

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
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20
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the temporal / time variables

  1. Period when only one extremity is on the supporting surface in a gait cycle
  2. Distance walked / Time
  3. Number of steps taken by a person per unit of time
  4. Period during the stance phase of one extremity in a gait cycle
  5. Amount of time that a person spends with both feet on the ground during one cycle
  6. Rate of forward linear motion of the body

A. Stance time
B. Single support time
C. Double support time
D. Cadence
E. Walking velocity / gait speed

A
  1. B
  2. E
  3. D
  4. A
  5. C
  6. E
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21
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the distance variables

  1. Linear distance in the plane of progression between two successive points of floor-to-floor contact of the same foot during gait
  2. Angle formed by each foot’s line of progression and a line intersecting the center of the heel and the 2nd toe
  3. Measured from one heel strike of one extremity to one heel strike of the other extremity
  4. The linear distance between the midpoint of the heel of one foot & same point on the other foot

A. Step length
B. Stride length / gait length
C. Width of BoS
D. Degree of toe out

A
  1. B
  2. D
  3. A
  4. C
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22
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the subphases in swing phase (Traditional)

  1. Occurs after midswing when the tibia passes beyond the perpendicular and the knee is extending in preparation for heel strike
  2. Begins once the toe of the reference extremity leaves the ground and continues until midswing or the point at which the swinging extremity is directly under the body
  3. Occurs when the ipsilateral extremity passes directly beneath the body

A. Acceleration
B. Midswing
C. Deceleration

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. B
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23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Scissoring gait is caused by hip abductor spasticity.

A

False, it’s hip adductor spasticity

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24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Hemiplegic gait is characterized by extension synergy of the lower extremity and the natural swing phase is affected because of stiff LE.

A

True

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In Parkinsonian Gait / Festinating Gait, the CoG falls posteriorly.

A

False, it falls anteriorly

The pt walks fast with a flexed posture to catch it so they won’t lose balance

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26
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In the antalgic / limping gait, there is a corresponding increase in stance phase on the unaffected side. Likewise, there is a decreased stance phase due to reduced loading response on the affected side.

A

True

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27
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The maturity of gait is usually observed at 10 years old.

A

False, it’s at 7 y/o

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28
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Stride / gait length usually decreases in elderly persons and increases as the speed of gait increases.

A

True

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29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The more equal step lengths (between R and L), the more symmetrical the person’s gait is.

A

True

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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: An increased cadence means the step length is shorter and the duration of double support time decreases.

A

True

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31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The percentage of double support time decreases as speed of walking increases.

32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Single support time occurs at 2 instances in one gait cycle: (1) During R mid to terminal stance and (2) During L mid to terminal stance.

33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The Ranchos Los Amigos (RLA) system of subphases in the stance phase is based on period of time, where it encompasses a combination of events from one point to another.

A

True

Note: Better to use RLA than Trad because you are covering a period of time and there is a greater chance you will not miss any deviations from your observations.

33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The energy cost of gait can be measured by Maximum Oxygen Consumption (VO2max) and/or Metabolic Equivalents (METs).

34
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Physiologic valgus of the knee is observed in midstance.

35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The greatest degree of knee extension is observed during initial contact.

36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The highest vertical displacement of the CoG in gait is during midstance. The lowest vertical displacement is during heel strike and double support.

37
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The maximum lateral displacement of the CoG in gait is in midstance on the stance extremity.

38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Foot Drop / Toe Drag / Foot Drag occurs during stance phase and Foot Slap occurs during swing phase.

39
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: As a result of weak dorsiflexors, a compensatory increase in hip and knee flexion occurs. This is known as the Steppage Gait / High Step Gait / Neuropathic Gait / Equinus Gait.

40
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: 1 stride length is equivalent to 1 gait cycle.

41
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: If there is weakness or pain in an extremity, step duration is decreased on the affected extremity and increased on the unaffected extremity.

42
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: One stride for a normal adult lasts for 3 seconds.

A

False, lasts for 1 sec

43
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The Right step length and Left step length is equal to 1 stride length.

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The causes of genu recurvatum gait are weak quadricep muscles especially at midstance and/or PF contracture (soleus).

45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In young children and toddlers, CoG is higher than in adults, and a wide BoS is necessary for stability.

46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In normal males, the degree of toe-out decreases as speed of walking increases.

47
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Toe-off, midswing, and midstance are always present in running.

48
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Crouched gait is caused by hip and/or knee flexion contractures. It usually occurs with associated increased lumbar lordosis and decreased step length.

49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Waddling gait is caused by weak proximal muscles of the pelvic girdle, as seen in Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

50
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The anatomical position of the joint is called the “zero” position of the joint.

51
Q

The manner in which the body is transported from one place to another.

A

Human locomotion

52
Q

The upright locomotion by moving on foot which may be walking, jogging or running.

53
Q

This pathologic gait is commonly seen in Cerebral Palsy Spastic Diplegia patients.

A

Scissoring gait

54
Q

This gait can also be considered as the Mae West gait

A

Waddling gait

55
Q

Gait deviation characterized by heel raise on stance LE to advance the affected swinging LE. It is caused by a longer stance leg (spastic LE).

56
Q

Trendelenburg Gait is also known as?

A

Gluteus medius lurch

57
Q

Normal values for width of BoS

58
Q

Normal values for degree of toe out

59
Q

What MMT grade for the LE muscles is the minimum requirement for gait?

60
Q

It results to physiologic valgus of the knee
and it reduces the width of the BoS from what it would be if the femoral and tibial shafts formed a vertical line from the greater tuberosity of the femur.

A

Lateral pelvic motion

61
Q

The shape of the waveform and path traversed by the CoG when we walk

A

Sinusoidal pattern/curve

62
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The associated hip movements during pelvic rotation are internal rotation on stance phase/WB LE and external rotation on swing phase LE.

63
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The tibia unlocks in loading response and locks in midstance.

64
Q

Determine the corresponding kinematics of the Hip joint in the stance phases of gait

  1. Going to extension, adduction and IR
  2. Toward 10° extension, abduction and ER
  3. Extension of 10-15°; abduction & ER
  4. Flexion at 20°-40°; slight adduction & ER
  5. Neutral; Pelvis rotates posteriorly

A. Initial contact
B. Loading response
C. Midstance
D. Terminal stance
E. Preswing

65
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: At midstance, the knee slightly flexes (~15-20°) for shock absorption and to help keep the CoG from rising as much as it would have to if the body had to pass over a completely extended knee. Thus, decreasing energy expenditure.

66
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: As patients who underwent THR are not allowed to adduct the hip, do any excessive rotational movements on the hip, and greater hip flexion moments, it is possible that they will present with a shorter stride length, decreased stance phase, and have antalgic gait.

67
Q

The point where resultant of all floor-foot forces act

A

Center of Pressure (CoP) of foot

68
Q

Normal value for cadence

A

90-120 steps/min

Additional:
* Typical cadence for adult men: 110 steps/min
* Typical cadence for women: 116 steps/min

69
Q

Determine the corresponding kinematics of the Knee joint in the stance phases of gait

  1. 15-20° flexion; tibia IR
  2. Starts to flex; tibia starts to IR
  3. Extension → flexion of 40°
  4. Extension (5°); tibia ER
  5. Almost full extension; tibia slight ER

A. Initial contact
B. Loading response
C. Midstance
D. Terminal stance
E. Preswing

70
Q

Determine the corresponding kinematics of the Ankle joint in the stance phases of gait

  1. Foot pronation; Ankle PF → DF
  2. Foot supination; Ankle DF → PF
  3. Foot supination; Ankle PF
  4. Foot supination; ankle neutral
  5. Foot neutral; Ankle DF

A. Initial contact
B. Loading response
C. Midstance
D. Terminal stance
E. Preswing

71
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In all subphases of the swing phase, the hip is flexed.

72
Q

Determine the corresponding kinematics of the Knee joint in the swing phases of gait

  1. Towards extension
  2. Extension
  3. Flexion of 60°

A. Initial swing / Early swing
B. Midswing
C. Terminal swing

73
Q

Determine the corresponding kinematics of the Ankle joint in the swing phases of gait

  1. Dorsiflexion (from 20° → 10° PF)
  2. Neutral
  3. Dorsiflexion up to neutral

A. Initial swing / Early swing
B. Midswing
C. Terminal swing

74
Q

Determine the corresponding moment caused by the GRF on the Hip joint in the subphases of stance phase

  1. Initial contact
  2. Loading response
  3. Midstance
  4. Terminal stance
  5. Preswing

A. Anterior
B. Posterior
C. Through

75
Q

Determine the corresponding moment caused by the GRF on the Knee joint in the subphases of stance phase

  1. Initial contact
  2. Loading response
  3. Midstance
  4. Terminal stance
  5. Preswing

A. Anterior
B. Posterior
C. Through

76
Q

Determine the corresponding moment caused by the GRF on the Ankle joint in the subphases of stance phase

  1. Initial contact
  2. Loading response
  3. Midstance
  4. Terminal stance
  5. Preswing

A. Anterior
B. Posterior
C. Through

(1) Kinesiology (13 decks)

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