Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

(1) Kinesiology > S1_L3: Muscle Structure & Function > Flashcards

S1_L3: Muscle Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the muscle types

  1. Fusiform muscle
  2. Has intercalations to allow for quick continuous contraction
  3. Branched muscle
  4. Has many nuclei
  5. It is non-striated
  6. Cylindrical muscle

A. Skeletal muscle
B. Smooth muscle
C. Cardiac muscle

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. C
  4. A
  5. B
  6. A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the characteristics of muscle tissue

  1. Ability of muscle to return in its original resting length after being stretched
  2. Ability of muscle to lengthen or become stretched and sustain it
  3. Ability to respond to stimulation
  4. Ability of muscle to generate tension and shorten in response to stimulation
  5. Contributes to the passive force generated by the muscle

A. Extensibility
B. Contractility
C. Irritability / Excitability
D. Elasticity

A
  1. D
  2. A
  3. C
  4. B
  5. D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the elastic components

  1. Plays a role in stability during isometric contraction
  2. Acts as a spring to store elastic energy during stretch
  3. Resistance of muscle during passive stretching, maintaining alignment of muscle fibers
  4. Found in tendons, aponeurosis of the muscles
  5. Found in sarcolemma, muscle membranes, sarcoplasmic reticulum, perimysium, epimysium
  6. From muscle membranes and surrounds the contractile component of the muscle

A. Series Elastic Component
B. Parallel Elastic Component

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
  5. B
  6. B
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the skeletal muscle structures

  1. Covers the fasciculus, holding together muscle fibers/cells
  2. Extension of connective tissue that connects the muscle to bone
  3. Covers the individual muscle fiber (myofibrils)
  4. Thin, strongly adherent to the muscle, holding the fascicles together
  5. Covering of the bone
  6. Smallest structure of the muscle

A. Tendon
B. Periosteum
C. Epimysium
D. Perimysium
E. Endomysium
F. Myofilaments
G. Fascia

A
  1. D
  2. A
  3. E
  4. C
  5. B
  6. F
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the motor unit principles

  1. ↑ frequency of stimulation of motor units → ↑ percentage of time muscle fiber will develop tension
  2. ↑ motor units activated → ↑ overall muscle tension
  3. smaller motor neurons are activated first for energy conservation, followed by larger motor neurons

A. Recruitment Principle
B. Excitatory Rate Coding Principle
C. Size Principle

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. C
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the muscle fiber types

  1. Low glycolytic enzymes, force production, and fatigability
  2. Oxidative-Glycolytic metabolic properties
  3. Red in color
  4. Slow twitch and conduction velocity
  5. White in color
  6. Low mitochondrial density and oxidative enzymes

A. Type I
B. Type IIa
C. Type IIb / IIx

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. A
  4. A
  5. C
  6. C
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Magnitude of contraction depends on number of motor units firing, frequency of firing, diameter and size of axons, and cell bodies.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the fiber arrangements

  1. Greater power
  2. Produces greater ROM
  3. Fibers arranged obliquely to their tendons, at an angle
  4. Longer distance of contraction (excursion)

A. Parallel
B. Pennate

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Determine the corresponding shape of the ff. muscles

  1. Psoas
  2. Thyrohyoid
  3. Orbicularis oculi
  4. Sternothyroid
  5. Sternocleidomastoid

A. Flat
B. Fusiform
C. Strap
D. Radiate / Triangular
E. Sphincteric / Circular

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. E
  4. C
  5. C
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the types of muscle contraction based on length

  1. Work is done by the muscle
  2. No muscle work generated, trying to contract but no movement of distal segment
  3. Negative work
  4. Work is done on the muscle, rather than by the muscle
  5. Positive work
  6. Tries to control the movement when there is a primary external force

A. Concentric
B. Eccentric
C. Isometric

A
  1. A
  2. C
  3. B
  4. B
  5. A
  6. B
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the types of muscle contraction based on tension

  1. Made possible with special machines
  2. Seldom seen in human body
  3. Equal Rate of Movement
  4. Equal Tension

A. Isotonic
B. Isokinetic

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the roles assumed by muscles

  1. Muscles eliminating unwanted action produced by agonists when they develop concentric tension
  2. Slow or stop a movement, usually at the end of fast and forceful contractions/movement
  3. Active during acceleration of a body segment
  4. Stabilize a body part against a force (internal or external)
  5. Primarily active during deceleration of a body segment
  6. An example is when the rhomboids keep the scapula stable when the person does water skiing

A. Agonist / Prime Mover
B. Antagonist
C. Synergist
D. Stabilizer
E. Neutralizer

A
  1. E
  2. B
  3. A
  4. C
  5. B
  6. D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the tonic and phasic muscles

  1. Larger ROM, Non-Postural/Mobility Muscles
  2. Do not fatigue easily, Stability/Postural Muscles
  3. More type II fibers
  4. Biceps, quadriceps, gastrocnemius
  5. More type I fibers
  6. Erector spinae, soleus, trapezius, temporalis

A. Phasic muscle
B. Tonic muscle

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. A
  4. A
  5. B
  6. B
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the shunt and spurt muscles

  1. Insertion site of the muscle is close to the joint
  2. Has a greater stabilizing effect
  3. Insertion site of the muscle is far to the joint
  4. Greater rotatory movement and ROM

A. Shunt muscle
B. Spurt muscle

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. A
  4. B
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the areas of the length-tension relationship

  1. Optimal sarcomere length, maximum force/tension developed
  2. Myosin heads cannot reach any actin
  3. Gradual increase in force generated
  4. Minimal cross bridge formed, less force produced
  5. Generate maximum force
  6. Actin and myosin are too close together, active insufficiency

A. Ascending
B. Plateau
C. Descending

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. A
  4. C
  5. B
  6. A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the passive and active insufficiencies

  1. Too much of it causes overlapping of filaments
  2. Muscle will not be able to produce optimum torque
  3. Decrease in torque (force) when full ROM is attempted simultaneously at all joints crossed by a multi-joint muscle
  4. Elongation of muscles over two or more joints simultaneously

A. Passive Insufficiency
B. Active Insufficiency

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. B
  4. A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the Adaptation to Sustained Changes in Activity Level

  1. Transition of type I to type II fiber
  2. Decreased percentage and atrophy of type II fibers
  3. Loss of strength
  4. Increased CSA of types I & II fibers

A. Increased activity
B. Decreased activity
C. Aging

A
  1. B
  2. C
  3. C
  4. A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the Adaptation to Prolonged Length Changes

  1. Accelerates atrophy / loss of sarcomeres
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Tightness → contracture
  4. Induces protein synthesis and production of additional sarcomeres
  5. Transition from type II to type I fibers
  6. Transition from type I to type II fibers

A. Prolonged stretch
B. Prolonged shortening

A
  1. B
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
  5. A
  6. B
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the Common Muscle Injuries

  1. Increased accumulation of lactic acid, dehydration, decreased O2 supply
  2. Muscle pain, ischemia to the muscle
  3. Felt after exercise with mod to high intensity (transient), fatigued
  4. Myositis ossificans, Blood trauma
  5. Muscle tenderness, accumulation of lactic acid
  6. Swelling, fluid in interstitial tissue, bleeding, compression to the muscle

A. Strains
B. Contusions
C. Cramps
D. Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
E. Compartment Syndrome

A
  1. C
  2. E
  3. D
  4. B
  5. D
  6. E
20
Q

Determine the corresponding shape of the ff. muscles

  1. Sternohyoid
  2. Orbicularis oris
  3. Rectus abdominis
  4. Biceps brachii
  5. Sartorius
  6. Pectoralis major

A. Flat
B. Fusiform
C. Strap
D. Radiate / Triangular
E. Sphincteric / Circular

A
  1. C
  2. E
  3. A
  4. B
  5. C
  6. D
21
Q

Refers to agonists and antagonists working together for stability

A

Co-contraction (synergistic contraction)

22
Q

Determine the corresponding shape of the ff. muscles

  1. Deltoid
  2. Flexor pollicis longus
  3. Tibialis anterior
  4. Extensor digitorum longus
  5. Rectus femoris
  6. Soleus
  7. Subscapularis

A. Uni-pennate
B. Bi-pennate
C. Multi-pennate

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
  5. B
  6. C
  7. C
23
Q

Determine the corresponding descriptions of the ff terms

  1. Function of collective force generating capability of a given muscle group
  2. Reduction in force production and in shortening velocity, prolonged relaxation of motor units between recruitment
  3. Too much dehydration causing muscle wasting and muscle necrosis
  4. Product of muscle force and velocity of muscle shortening
  5. Measurement of maximum torque by the muscle group at a joint
  6. Ability of muscle to exert tension over time

A. Muscle Strength
B. Muscle Power
C. Muscle Endurance
D. Muscle Fatigue
E. Absolute Fatigue

A
  1. A
  2. D
  3. E
  4. B
  5. A
  6. C
24
Q

Determine the corresponding formulas of the terms relating to muscle size

  1. Mδ x Mv
  2. 1.056 g/cm3
  3. Muscle Length (Ml) x Muscle Width (Mw) x Muscle Depth (Md)

A. Muscle Volume (Mv)
B. Muscle Density (Mδ)
C. Muscle Mass (Mm)

A
  1. C
  2. B
  3. A
25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: For pennate muscle fibers, the physiological (functional) cross sectional area is always larger than the anatomical cross sectional area.

A

True

A larger PCSA helps pennate fibers to generate more power, compensated by packing of fibers that increases PCSA

26
Q

Refers to a function of skeletal muscle that when the body’s temperature decreases, the mechanism of shivering (involuntary contraction of muscles) produces heat and conserves it, which brings the body back to its normal temperature.

A

Thermogenesis

27
Q

The dark band in muscle fibers is aka?

A

Anisotropic band (A band)

28
Q

Basic unit of the contractile muscle structure (tension in the muscle). It expands from z line to z line.

A

Sarcomere

29
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is where the calcium is stored in muscles. Once the AP reaches the T tubules, it initiates the release of calcium. The ER in muscles is also referred to as the ___.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

30
Q

Pennate muscle fibers are usually angulated at approximately ___

A

30° (Accd. to notes)

Levangie: Less than 30°

31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In parallel fibers, Maximum Fiber Length (FLmax) = Maximum Muscle Length (MLmax).

A

True

32
Q

The larger the number of fibers packed together, the ___ the PCSA

A

greater

Leads to increased power production

33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The physiological cross sectional area increases with pennation angle and muscle length.

A

True

34
Q

The physiological cross sectional area is the measure of CSA ___ to the fiber orientation.

A

perpendicular

35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: In a concentric / shortening contraction, no force is produced because actin and myosin do not put effort to stay together. In an eccentric contraction, more force is produced because actin and myosin needs more effort to stay together.

A

True

36
Q

If the muscle is lengthened or shortened beyond optimal length, the amount of active tension of the muscle ___.

A

decreases

There is a direct relationship between isometric tension developed by muscle and length of sarcomere

37
Q

At what position is the biceps femoris able to generate maximum force?

A

90-90 position

Biceps femoris is double jointed, so it’s best to act on both joints

38
Q

The phenomenon where in one joint, the muscle is elongated, in another joint, it is shortened. This special case of passive insufficiency is not stretched on other joints, only on the major joint.

A

Tenodesis

39
Q

In the Stretch Reflex Activation, a change in ___ activates the muscle spindle and its response is contraction, thus enhancing the muscle contraction.

A

length

40
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Muscle can perform substantially more work when it is actively stretched (lengthened) prior to shortening than when it simply contracts concentrically.

A

True

41
Q

The muscle length is 10 cm, muscle width is 3 cm, and muscle depth is 2 cm. Solve for muscle density (Mδ).

A

Mδ = 1.056 g/cm^3

value of muscle density is constant

42
Q

The muscle volume is 50 cm^3. Solve for muscle mass (Mm).

A

Mm = 52.8 g

43
Q

The muscle length is 10 cm, muscle width is 3 cm, and muscle depth is 2 cm. Solve for muscle volume (Mv).

A

Mv = 60 cm^3

44
Q

Formula for contraction length (CL)

A

CL = Maximum Fiber Length (FLmax) - Minimum Fiber Length (FLmin)

45
Q

This occurs at approximately 1/3 of maximum velocity and at 1/3 of maximum concentric force.

A

Maximum power

Note: In general, for power training = 1/3 of 1RM

(1) Kinesiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions