S2_L1: Kinesiology of the Spine (part 1) Flashcards
Identify which statement is false
A. there are average of 33 vertebras
B. In adults there are 26 vertebras
C. There are 23 IV discs
D. IV discs can be found between C1-C2, sacrum & coccyx
E. Coccygeal is composed of 5 vertebrae
D, NO IV discs can be found between C1-C2, sacrum & coccyx
modified T/F.
primary curves are fully kyphotic and the spine is concave.
secondary curves are adaptions that happened because of the functional needs like when raising the head, cervical lordosis forms.
TT
Which of the ff is not a function of the spine
A. Encloses and protects the spinal cord
B. Supports the head & serves as attachment of ribs
C. Attachments of contractile and passive structures
D. Transmits body weight & is used for Mobility
E. None of the above
E.
T/F. Pars interarticularis is found between superior & inferior articular process that occupies the pedicle & lamina
T
Modified T/F
Lamina is found between spinous & transverse process that transmit forces going to the pedicle & to the vertebral body.
Pedicle is found between vertebral body & transverse process that transmit bending force from the posterior element to the vertebral body.
TT
modified T/F
The Anterior pillar/column of the vertebra resists compressive force & is 70% or 2/3 of the body weight (BW)
The posterior pillar/colun is comprised of 30% or 1/3 of the BW
TT
Match the vertebra
(can have multiple answers)
Vertebral body:
1. kidney shape (curvature on anterior portion)
2. heart shape (same diameter)
3. oblong shape (anteroposterior is shorter than medio-lateral)
Superior facet:
4. medial posterior (has mammillary process)
5. lateral posterior
A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
- C
- B
- A
- A,C
- B
Match the vertebra
(can have multiple answers)
Inferior facet:
1. Lateral anterior
2. Medial anterior
Movement:
3. Flexion/ext > lat flex > rotation
4. Lat flex > rotation > flexion/ext
A. Cervical
B. Thoracic
C. Lumbar
- A, C
- B
- A, C
- B
modified T/F
the anterior view of the sacrum is rough.
the posterior view of the sacrum is smooth.
FF, Anterior = Smooth;
Posterior = Rough
- Sacrum is where the pelvic foramina can be found
modified T/F.
vertical trabecular system is where the weight of the body is transmitted to the vertebral body vertically.
horizontal trabecular system creates a minimal trabecular system in the pars interarticularis which makes the area weaker & cause fracture.
TT
modified T/F.
The IV disc comprise of 20-33% of the length of vertebral column
Its functions is to separate 2 vertebral
bodies for mobility &ransmit load between vertebrae
TT
Fill in the blanks
IV Disc Height
Cervical =
Thoracic =
Lumbar =
Ratio of IV Disc Height to Vertebral Body Height
Cervical =
Thoracic =
Lumbar =
IV Disc Height
Cervical = ~3-5 mm
Thoracic = ~5-7 mm
Lumbar = ~9-10 mm
Ratio of IV Disc Height to Vertebral Body Height
Cervical = 2/5 (40%)
Thoracic = 1/4 (25%)
Lumbar = 1/3 (33%)
T/F. INTERVERTEBRAL (IV) DISC is made out of 3 Parts
- Nucleus fibrosus
- Anulus pulposus
- Vertebral end plate
F,
- Nucleus pulposus
- Anulus fibrosus
- Vertebral end plate
the ff. statements are true about NUCLEUS PULPOSUS, EXCEPT:
A. Has 70-90% water & 10-30% dry weight
B. Mostly proteoglycans, Glycoaminoglycan (GAG) that attracts water (65%)
C. Collagen (Type I > II)
D. Has Chondrocytes elastin fibers
E. Composed of Proteins & Proteolytic enzymes
C. Collagen (Type II > I)
the ff. statements are true about ANULUS FIBROSUS, EXCEPT:
A. Has 60-70% water & 30-34% dry weight
B. Mostly collagen (Type I > II) (50-60%)
C. Proteoglycan (20%)
D. Has Elastin fibers, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, & Sharpey fibers
E.
E.
*Sharpey fibers are attached on the end-plate & part of the outer layer of periosteum, made of type 1 collagen that further enhances the attachments of annuls fibrosis to the periosteum.
the ff. statements are true about VERTEBRAL END PLATES, EXCEPT:
A. Has Layers of cartilage (0.6 to 1 mm) made of hyaline and fibrocartilage
B. Covers entire Nucleus Pulposus but not entire Anulus Fibrosus
C. Composed of Proteoglycans, Collagen & Water
D. None of the above
D
Which of the ff. statements are true on the INNERVATION of IV disc
A. Innervated outer 1/3 - 1/2 of anulus fibrosus
B. Anterior plexus is from the
branches of sympathetic trunks
(anterolateral)
C. Posterior plexus is from the sinuvertebral nerve (posterolateral)
D. All of the above
D.
T/F on nutrition of IV disc
It has no direct blood supply, but gets nutrition from metaphyseal arteries via facilitated diffusion that requires a force to be driven inside from movement or motion.
T
modified T/F on articulations
Symphysis Joint are Interbody Joints that are Cartilaginous.
Zygapophyseal / Apophyseal / Facet /
Z joints are Diarthrodial
TT
modified T/F on cervical ligaments
Posterior atlantooccipital membrane found in C1-occiput, Posterior atlantoaxial ligament found in C1-C2 & Ligamentum flavum found in C2-sacrum restricts flexion.
Tectorial members found in C2-occiput & Posterior longitudinal ligament found in C2-sacrum which is continuous with the tectorial membrane above, limits flexion.
TT
modified T/F on cervical ligaments
Anterior atlantoaxial membrane found in C2-occiput & Anterior longitudinal ligament found in C2-sacrum, limits/controls extension.
Nuchal ligament found in C7-occiput, interspinous ligament found throughout the vertebra & supraspinous ligament found in C7-L4 limits the flexion of the spine
TT
modified T/F on cervical ligaments
Intertransverse ligament limits contralateral & lat flexion which is found between 2 transverse process, prominent in the lumbar region.
Articular capsule of zygoapophysial joints surround diarthrodial facet joints & is found posteriorly to resist flexion & at the sides to resist rotation of the vertebra
TT
T/F. the amount of motion is dependent on:
1. IV disc to vertebral height ratio
2. Facet orientation
3. Attachements
T
* 1. more mobility in cervical > lumbar > thoracic
*2. will dictate which movement it will favor
* 3. thoracic spine has ribs & more ligaments attached, that’s why its least mobile, there’s also thicker ligaments in the lumbar area
T/F
COUPLING MOTION is thessociation of one motion in one axis to another motion of another axis
T
T/F
AXIAL COMPRESSION is the force at the long axis of the spine perpendicular to
the discs & can be due to gravity, ground reaction force (GRF), & internal forces.
T
modified T/F
BENDING, causes both compression &
tension while TORSION happens during axial rotation & can be due to the stiffness of IV discs & facet orientation.
SHEAR is the Vertebral translator movement that is resisted by facet joints & IV discs.
TT
Which of the ff. choices are functions of the Muscles of Cervicothoracic Region
A. Hold the head and neck in space
B. Stabilize the head
C. Produce movement in head, neck and scapula
D. All of the above
D
T/F
Line of Gravity of the Head is anterior to the cervical spine which produces a flexion moment, so control by
the anterior structures is needed
F, posterior structures
modified T/F of Upper Trapezius
Action: neck extension
(Bilateral); ipsi lateral flexion & contra
rotation (Unilateral)
Reverse Action : scapular elevation, upward rotation
FF,
Action: scapular elevation, upward
rotation
Reverse Action: neck extension
(B); ipsi lateral flexion & contra
rotation (U)
- action = insertion to origin
reverse action = origin to insertion
modified T/F
Lower Trapezius
Action: scapular adduction
Middle Trapezius
Action: scapular depression,
downward rotation
FF,
Middle Trapezius
Action: scapular adduction
Lower Trapezius
Action: scapular depression,
downward rotation
which of the ff. statement is correct about Levator Scapula
A. Action: scapular elevation,
downward rotation
B. Reverse Action: ipsi lateral
flexion & ipsi rotation (U)
C. Posterior shear force on
cervical spine
D. Origin: transverse process of C1-C4, Insertion: medial border of scapula
E. all of the above
E
modified T/F
Splenius capitis is attached to skull caput while splenius cervicis don’t reach the skull, only in the cervical segment.
When both muscles contracts IPSI, it makes ipsi rotation.
T
modified T/F. Semispinalis capitis & cervicis blends together, when the muscles are tight, it can compress the Great occipital nerve
Erector spinae muscles are composed of Spinalis Capitis & Cervicis, Longissimus Capitis & Cervicis, Iliocostalis Cervicis
TT
T/F.
Longissimus Cervicis & Iliocostalis Cervicis can produce ipsi lat flexion
T
Which are part of the Suboccipital Muscles
A. Rectus Capitis Posterior Major
B. Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor
C. Obliquus Capitis Superior
D. Obliquus Capitis Inferior
E. All of the above
E, all are found bellow occiput
- when these muscles are too tight, it causes capital extension when you’re in forward head posture
modified T/F on Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
Action: lower cervical flexion & upper cervical extension (B); ipsi lateral flexion & contra rotation (U)
Origin: sternum, clavicle; Insertion: Mastoid process, superior nuchal line
TT, * torticollis is the shortening of SCM
Match the ff muscles
(can have multiple answers)
Action:
1. flexion (B); ipsi lateral flexion & contra rotation (U)
2. Elevates 1st rib
3. Flexion (B); ipsi lateral flexion (U)
4. Elevates 2nd rib
A. Anterior Scalene
B. Middle Scalene
C. Posterior Scalene
- A,B
- A,B
- C
- C
Match the ff muscles
(can have multiple answers)
Origin:
1. 1st rib
2. 2nd rib
Insertion:
3. anterior tubercles of C4-C6
4. posterior tubercles of C4-C6
A. Anterior Scalene
B. Middle Scalene
C. Posterior Scalene
- A, B
- C
- A
- B, C
modified T/F on Muscles of the Back
Craniocervical & Upper Thoracic Region.
Longus Capitis & Longus Colli
Doesn’t have enough moment arm to produce flexion.
It provides compression than stabilization.
TT
T/F on Muscles of the Back
Craniocervical & Upper Thoracic Region.
Rectus Capitis Anterior & Lateralis, helps with capital flexion as secondary flexors & has greater proprioceptive function
T
modified T/F
Thoracolumbar fascia extends to latissimus dorsi to gluteus maximus.
It is attached also to internal & external oblique & transversus abdominis, that surrounds the multifidus & erector muscles.
TT
* acts like external corset on the lumbar area which provides stability
Identify the wrong statement about quadratus lumborum
A. Origin: iliac crest
B. Insertion: 11th rib
C. Action: lat flexion
D. Reversed: hip hiking
B. Insertion: 12th rib
T/F
Multifidus is found throughout the vertebra, it’s less visible in cervical & thoracic which is represented by transversus spinalis however, it’s prominent in the lumbar region.
It can do rotational movement since its close to the vertebra & acts as a stabilizer while muscle far from each other create an extension movement.
TT
T/F.
Erector spinae extend/hyperextend the spine & can do ipsi lat flexion & rotation (U)
T
Modified T/F
Par lumborum are superficial muscles
Par thoracis are deep muscles
FF,
Par thoracis are superficial muscles
Par lumborum are deep muscles
modified T/F
Longissimus capitis, cervicis, & thoracis has eccentric control in which during initial range of bending forward, the erector spinae controls the movement.
iliocostalis cervicis, thoracis, & lumborum, at the end range of flexion, erector spinae is NOT active since its electrically silent & relies on passive structures for control.
TT
modified T/F
Interspinales is found between transverse process while Intertransversarii is found between spinous process
Rotatores brevis stabilizes 1 segment below while Rotatores longs stabilizes 2-3 segments below & both are for rotation movement
FT
Intertransversarii is found between transverse process
Interspinales is found between spinous process
modified T/F.
Global muscles are bigger & are the outer muscles which are multi segmental for mobility
Core muscles span fewer segments, close to axis for stabilization
T
Modified T/F
Abdominals are the primary flexors that are attached to the thoracolumbar fascia that generate corset functions.
Transversus abdominis, Internal & external oblique goes around the abdomen for stabilization on the lumbopelvic region.
TT
modified T/F
If the object is close to the body, it decreases lever arm of the resistance, & dec. torque of the resistance, then you only need less torque from the effort.
If object is far from body, it creates higher torque for resistance, so the effort should generate higher torque as well to counteract
TT
modified T/F
in stoop position the fulcrum is on the spine with higher flexion moment which means it needs stronger contraction of muscles & resistance to the passive structures.
in squat position the fulcrum is on the hips & knees which has lesser flexion moment, & with less contraction from muscles/less resistance to passive structures.
TT
modified T/F
stoop position puts more stress/tension to passive structures & can injure muscle (strain) or ligament (sprain).
squat position only recruits little amount of muscle fibers especially the extensors (erector spinae), & prevents early electrical shutdown (flexion-relaxation phenomenon) which requires less muscle force & won’t generate much force from passive structure from the back to not be injured
TT
