s2p2 Flashcards
OSP in glycolysis forms in the stage called:
interesting
Glycolysis ours in the cell’s area called:
cytoplasm
The final product of glycolysis is named:
pyruvate
The two glycolysis stages are
energy investment and energy harvesting
To extract energy from glucose first requires an investment of energy from the molecule
ATP
In the process of glycolysis fructose biphosphate is formed when ATP donates
phosphate and 2 ATP molecule
4
The phase in which 3-phosphoglycerate in glycolysis is formed is called:
energy harvesting stage
The phase in which fructose 1,6 biphosphate is formed in the process of glycolysis is
called:
energy investment stage
The final product of the process of glycolysis is named:
pyruvate
The energy tally from 1 molecule of pyruvic acid during Krebs cycle is:
3co2
1FADH2
1ATP
The components of Acetyl-Coenzyme A are:
Acetyl
CoA
Krebs cycle happens in the part of the cell called:
matrix
Krebs cycle produces a total amount of ATP molecules of_
2ATP
During the Krebs cycle fumarate transforms into
malate
During the Krebs cycle isocitrate transforms into
For each acetyl Co A, the Krebs cycle produces:
1ATP
3NADH
1FADH2
3CO2
As they leave the electron transport chain, the energy -depleted electrons form water by combining with:
hydrogen, oxygen
The complete breakdown of glucose during chemiosmosis yields a total number of ATP
32
In ETC high energy electrons are released to
mitochondrial matrix
The three kinds of fermentation are:
alcoholic fermentation
lactic acid fermentation
acetic acid fermentation
The two molecules that donate their energetic electrons to the ETC embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane are called:
NADH
FADH2
What happens to the high energy electrons and hydrogen held by NADH if there is no ygen present?
It can’t move through the ETC, there’s no one to transport the high energy electrons cr hydrogen. So, the organism could die.
What is the range of ATP molecules produced during all respiration
32-38 ATP
Write the equation for cellular respiration using chemical formulas
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Glycolysis splits the six-carbon glucose molecule into two molecules of _____
pyruvate.
pyruvate. has an energy ____________ and an ___________
investment stage
energy harvesting stage.
To extract energy from glucose first requires an investment of energy from _________________
ATP
refers to the two phosphate groups acquired from the ATP molecules.
bisphosphate”
is a sugar very similar to glucose
Fructose
during the harvesting stage, fructose bisphosphate is converted into two_______-carbon molecules of glyceraldehyde-_______phosphate
3
3
Each G3P molecule, which retains one phosphate and some energy from ATP, then undergoes a series of reactions that convert the G3P to __________
pyruvate.
Cellular respiration breaks down the two pyruvate molecules into six carbon dioxide molecules and six water molecules. During this process, the chemical energy from the two pyruvate molecules is used to produce
32 ATP
In eukaryotic cells, cellular respiration occurs within mitochondria, which is called the _____
powerhouses of the cell
The inner membrane encloses a central compartment containing the fluid _________, and the ______________ surrounds the organelle, producing an intermembrane space between the two membranes.
matrix, outer membrane
the product of glycolysis - is synthesized in the cytosol is:
Pyruvate
The reactions of the mitochondrial matrix occur in two stages:
the formation of acetyl CoA and the Krebs cycle.
Krebs cycle It is also called the_______ because________
citric acid cycle because citrate is the first molecule produced in the cycle.
During the Krebs cycle, chemical energy is captured in ________________
energy-carrier molecules.
During the _______________, CO2 is generated as a waste product. In your body, this CO2 diffuses into your blood, which carries it to your lungs, so the air you breathe out contains more CO2 than the air you breathe in.
mitochondrial matrix reactions
is the process by which energy is used to generate a concentration gradient of H+, and then some of that energy is captured in ATP as H+ flows down its gradient.
Chemiosmosis
How is the released energy captured in ATP?
As in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, the inner membranes of mitochondria are permeable to H+ only at ATP synthase channels. As hydrogen ions flow from the intermembrane space into the matrix through these ATP-synthesizing enzymes, that flow of ions generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate dissolved in the matrix.
How does ATP escape from the mitochondrion?
A carrier protein in the inner membrane uses the energy of the H+ gradient to transport ATP out of the matrix into the intermembrane space, and simultaneously to transport ADP from the intermembrane space into the matrix. From the intermembrane space, ATP molecules diffuse through large pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane and enter the surrounding cytosol, where they provide the energy needed by the cell. The ADP released by energy-requiring activities in the cell continuously diffuses back through the mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space, allowing more ATP synthesis. Without this continuous recycling, life would cease. A person produces, uses, and then regenerates the equivalent of roughly his or her body weight of ATP daily.
Glucose often enters the body as starch or sucrose, but the typical human diet also provides considerable energy in the form of fat, and some from protein. this is posible because?
because various intermediate molecules of cellular respiration can be formed by other metabolic pathways. These molecules can enter cellular respiration at appropriate stages of this metabolic pathway and are then broken down to produce ATP.
________ are an excellent source of energy and serve as that major energy-storage molecule in animals. T
Fats
What Happens During Fermentation?
Anaerobic (no oxygen)
Aerobic (with oxygen)
Under anaerobic conditions, the second stage of glucose breakdown is
fermentation.
During fermentation, pyruvate in that cytosol is converted either into __________, or ____________ and ________
lactate, into ethanol, CO2
Fermentation does not produce additional ______
ATP
Fermentation of pyruvate to lactate is called
lactic acid fermentation.
Many microorganisms, such as yeast, engage in _______________ under anaerobic conditions.
alcoholic fermentation
