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biolo convo > s2p1 > Flashcards

s2p1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biotechnology is defined as:

A

the use and especially the alteration of organisms, cells or biological molecules to produce food or other useful materials

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2
Q

Cloning is defined as

A

making identical copies of individual genes or even entire organisms.

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3
Q

Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to:

A

separate DNA fragments based on their size.

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4
Q

A scientist has recovered a piece of tissue from the 100-year-old preserved skin of an extinct Tasmanian wolf (thylacine). To compare a specific region of the sample DNA with DNA from living marsupials, which of the following would be most useful for increasing the amount of wolf DNA available for testing?

A

PCR

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5
Q

Why are plasmids useful in genetic modification of bacteria?

A

ashey are casily transferred between bacterial cells and are small enough to manipulate

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6
Q

Homologous chromosomes exchange DNA by crossing over during

A

meiosis

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7
Q

PCR technique was invented by

A

Karry Mullis

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8
Q

When bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from the environment is called

A

transformation

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9
Q

1.Organisms that contain DNA that has been modified or derived from other species are called:

A

GMO

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10
Q

What is Biotechnology?

A

the use and the alteration of organisms, cells, or biological molecules to produce food, drugs, or other goods.

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11
Q

uses of

A
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12
Q

used to isolate and manipulate the genes that control inherited characteristics is

A

genetic engineering:

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13
Q

Modern biology uses:

A

genetic engineering:

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14
Q

Genetically engineered organisms have genes that are:

A
  • Deleted
  • Added
  • Changed
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15
Q

Uses of genetic engineering:

A
  • Learn more about cells and genes,
  • Develop better treatments for diseases,
  • To produce valuable biological molecules (hormones and vaccines),
  • Improving plants and animals
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16
Q

making identical copies of individual genes or even entire organisms. Is an application of modern biotechnology is:

A

Cloning

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17
Q

DNA that has been altered to contain genes or parts of genes from different organisms is:

A

Recombinant DNA:

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18
Q

plants and animals that contain DNA that has been modified or derived from other species is

A

Transgenic or genetically modified organisms (GMOs):

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19
Q

Modern biotechnology includes methods of:

A

analyzing and manipulating DNA

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20
Q

How does DNA recombine in nature?

A

Process of recombining is not unique to modern laboratories.
Many natural processes can transfer DNA from one organism, sometimes to organisms of different species.

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21
Q

Determining the nucleotide sequence of DNA is crucial for fields as

A

forensic science, medicine and evolutionary biology

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22
Q

when bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from the environment. The DNA may be part of the chromosome from another bacterium, from another species, or a plasmid. is:

A

transformation

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23
Q

tiny circular molecules of DNA (size: 1000-100000 nucleotides). A single bacterium may contain dozens or hundreds of copies of a plasmid. this define:

A

Plasmids

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24
Q

What use are plasmids?

A

A bacterium’s chromosome contains all the genes the cell normally needs for basic survival.
- Some genes carried by plasmids may help the bacteria to thrive in novel (hostile) environments.
- Some help metabolize unusual energy sources like oil.
- Others enable bacteria to grow in the presence of antibiotics

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25
Q

little more than genetic material encased in a protein coat, they can reproduce only inside cells. It needs a host.
Acellular organism limits between living and nonliving thigs. Is a protein capsule called capsid and nucleic acid is:

A

viruses

26
Q

Types of viruses:

A

Lytic: can be destroyed (like a fever)
Lysogenic: takes control of the body (like HIV)

27
Q

The life cycle of a typical virus

A
  1. A virus attaches to a susceptible host cell.
  2. The virus enters the host cell.
  3. The virus releases its DNA into the host cell; some viral DNA may be incorporated into the host’s cell.
  4. The host cell replicates the viral genetic material and synthesizes viral proteins.
  5. New viruses assemble; some host cell DNA is carried by recombinant viruses.
  6. The host cell bursts open, releasing newly assembled viruses; if recombinant viruses infect a second call, they may transfer genes from the first cell to the second cell.
28
Q

How is biotechnology used in forensic science:

A

identify victims and criminals.
identify specific genes and insert them into organisms such as bacteria, animals, or plants.
to detect defective alleles and ideally devise ways to fix them or to insert normally functioning alleles and devise ways to fix them or insert normally functioning alleles into patients.

29
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): can be used to make billions or trillions of copies of selected pieces of DNA
2 mayor steps:

A
  1. Marking the DNA segment to be copied
  2. Running repetitive reactions to make multiple copies
30
Q

The desired DNA segment is bracketed with two short pieces of DNA called _____________.

A

primers.

31
Q

specific segments of DNA that can be used to identify people with accuracy. They are like very small, stuttering genes. is define the

A

Short tandem repeats (STR):

32
Q

STR´s: short (___________ nucleotides), repeating (same sequence of ________ nucleotides repeated, and tandem (all the repetitions alongside one another).

A

20-250
2-5

33
Q

There are machines to analyze STRs. They are based on 2 methods

A
  • Separating DNA segments by size.
  • Labeling specific DNA segments of interest.
34
Q

Gel electrophoresis separates DNA segments:

A
  1. The DNA mixture is loaded into shallow grooves in a slab of agarose (carbohydrate purified from seaweed). It forms a gel that is a meshwork of fibers with holes between them.
  2. The gel is put into a chamber with electrodes connected to each end. One positive and one negative so that the current flows through the electrodes and the gel.
35
Q

a technique that separates a mixture of DNA pieces is

A

Gel electrophoresis:

36
Q

How does the process separate de pieces of DNA?

A

DNA fragments are separated by size because smaller fragments slip through the holes in the gel easier than larger fragments do. They move quicker toward the positive electrode.
When the fragments are separated, they form distinct bands on the gel.

37
Q

How is biotechnology used to make genetically modified organisms:

A

Biotechnology can also be used to identify, isolate, and modify genes; combine genes from different organisms and move genes from one species to another.

38
Q

3 mayor steps to making a GMO:

A
  1. Obtain the desired gene
  2. Clone the gene
  3. Insert the gene into the cells of the host organism
39
Q

The desired gene is insolated or synthesized:

A

Chromosomes can be isolated from cells of the gene donor, cut up with enzymes, and the DNA fragments containing the desired gene can be separated by gel electrophoresis.
Biotechnologists can often synthesize the gene or a modified version using DNA synthesizers.

40
Q

The gene is cloned:
It is useful to have many versions or copies of a gene.
which

A
  • It can be used to make GMOs.
  • Share it with other scientists around the world.
  • Used for medial treatments.
41
Q

Simplest way to generate lots of copies of a gene by letting living organisms do it by ______

A

DNA cloning.

42
Q

Genes are inserted into plasmids using ___________

A

restriction enzymes.

42
Q

what is the most common method of cloned genes?

A

: inserting the gene into a bacterial plasmid, which will be replicated when the bacteria multiply.

43
Q

Single-stranded regions: called ___________ because they can base-pair to other single-stranded pieces of DNA with complimentary bases.

A

sticky ends”

44
Q

permanently bonds the genes into the plasmids. is

A

DNA ligase:

45
Q

Bacteria are transformed with the recombined _________

A

plasmids

46
Q

the host organism. The gene must be inserted into the host and expressed in the appropriate cells, time, and level. is:

A

Transfecting

47
Q

In some cases, the recombinant plasmids are inserted in ____________

A

vectors

48
Q

microscopical pellets of gold and tungsten coated with DNA and shot at cells or organisms. is

A

Gene gun:

49
Q

are organisms that contain DNA that has been modified (usually through use of recombinant DNA technology) or derived from other species

A

GMOs

50
Q

is the process whereby bacteria pick up DNA from their environment. This DNA may be part of a chromosome, or it may be tiny circles of DNA called plasmids.

A

transformation

51
Q

is a technique for multiplying DNA in the laboratory.

A

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

52
Q

Matching DNA samples in forensics uses a specific set of small “genes” called ____________. The alleles of these genes in different people vary in the ___________________ of the allele. The pattern of these alleles that a given person possesses is called his or her_______

A

short tandem repeats (STRs)
length or size or number of repeats
DNA profile.

53
Q

Describe 3 natural forms of genetic recombination and discuss the similarities and differences between recombinant DNA technology and these natural forms of genetic recombination.

A
54
Q

Pieces of DNA can be separated according to size by a process known as _____________. The identity of a specific sample of DNA is usually determined by binding a synthetic piece of DNA called a _________, which binds to the sample DNA by base pairing or hydrogen.

A

gel electrophoresis.
DNA probe

55
Q
  1. What is a plasmid? How are plasmids involved in bacterial transformation?
A

Plasmids: tiny circular molecules of DNA. When a bacterium dies, its plasmids are released into the environment, they may be picked up by anther bacteria from the same or different species. Living bacteria can often pass plasmids to other living bacteria plasmids can move from bacteria to yeast (transferring genes from a prokaryotic cell to a eukaryotic).

What use are plasmids? A bacterium’s chromosome contains all the genes the cell normally needs for basic survival.
- Some genes carried by plasmids may help the bacteria to thrive in novel (hostile) environments.
- Some help metabolize unusual energy sources like oil.
- Others enable bacteria to grow in the presence of antibiotics

56
Q
  1. What is a restriction enzyme? How can restriction enzymes be used to splice a piece of human DNA into a plasmid?
A

Genes are inserted into plasmids using restriction enzymes.
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence.
Many cut straight across the double helix, and others make a staggered cut: snipping the DNA in a different location on each of the two strands, so that single-stranded regions hang off the ends of the DNA.
Single-stranded regions: called “sticky ends” because they can base-pair to other single-stranded pieces of DNA with complimentary bases.
To insert a gene into a plasmid, the restriction enzyme is used to cut the DNA on both sides of the gene and split open the circle of plasmid DNA.
The ends of the DNA containing the gene and the opened-up plasmid both have complementary nucleotides in their sticky ends and can base pair with each other. (They can stick and mix).
When the cut genes and plasmids are mixed, some of the genes will be temporarily inserted between the cut ends of the plasmids, held together by their complementary sticky ends.

57
Q
  1. Describe the polymerase chain reaction.
A

Can be used to make billions or trillions of copies of selected pieces of DNA
2 mayor steps
1. Marking the DNA segment to be copied
2. Running repetitive reactions to make multiple copies
The marked DNA is copied. It is mixed with primers, free nucleotides, and DNA polymerase.
The primers bind to the desired DNA segment, then it is cycled to a series of temperature changes. First it is heated and then cooled quickly. The cycle is repeated like 30 to 40 times.
The amount of DNA doubles with every temperature cycle 20 PCR cycles make a million copies. 30 cycles make a billion copies. The cycle takes a few minutes.

58
Q
  1. What is a short tandem repeat? How are short tandem repeats used in forensics?
A

Specific segments of DNA that can be used to identify people with accuracy.
The different alleles have different numbers of repeats of the same short nucleotide sequence.

To identify individuals, form DNA sequences the U.S Department of Justice established a standard set of 13 STRs that have highly variable number of repeats in different people.

Forensic labs use PCR primers that amplify only the STRs and the DNA surrounding them
STR alleles vary in how many repeats they contain so they vary in size (larger: more repeats, shorter: less repeats).

59
Q
  1. How does gel electrophoresis separate pieces of DNA?
A

DNA fragments are separated by size because smaller fragments slip through the holes in the gel easier than larger fragments do. They move quicker toward the positive electrode.

biolo convo (4 decks)

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