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biolo convo > S1p2 > Flashcards

S1p2 Flashcards

1
Q

1.Belgian Blues have more, and large muscle cells than ordinary cattle because

A

lack of myostatin.

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2
Q

Belgian Blues cattle pre muscle cells

A

multiply more than normal

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3
Q

The name of the British researcher that tried to make a vaccine to prevent pneumonia was________________

A

Frederick Griffith

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4
Q

The two strains used in the development of the pneumonia experiment are :

A

Rand S

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5
Q

The following scientists concluded that transformation must be caused by DNA ,and not by traces of protein contaminating the DNA

A

Avery, Colin, Leod and Mc Carty.

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6
Q

All are characteristics of DNA EXCEPT

A

being single-stranded.

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7
Q

What are the complementary bases of a DNA double helix?

A

AT and CG.

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8
Q

Which scientists are credited with discovering the physical structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick.

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9
Q

Nucleotides of DNA are composed of three substances, named:

A

sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.

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10
Q

What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA?

A

connect the base pairs.

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11
Q

This enzyme pulls apart the parental DNA double helix and is called

A

DNA helicase

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12
Q

The enzyme that moves along each separated parental DNA strand, matching bases on the parental strands with complementary free nucleotides is called

A

DNA polymerase

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13
Q

The scientists that made the first DNA X rays were

A

Franklin and Wilkins

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14
Q

The 5-carbon sugar in DNA is called

A

deoxiribose

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15
Q

If a nucleotide pair in a sequence is deleted the mutation is called

A

deletion.

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16
Q

The basic units of DNA are called:

A

nucleotides

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17
Q

Bases that can form pairs in DNA are called

A

complementary

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18
Q

c. The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are called:

A

adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine

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19
Q

The sugar of one nucleotide is linked to:

A

the phosphate

20
Q

Two nucleotide strands wind together to form a

A

double helix

21
Q

a protein that is in all mammals is what makes the muscles not grow in an exaggerated way. It means “to make muscles stay the same”. is….

A

Myostatin:

22
Q

Belgian Blue bulls have larger muscles than ordinary bulls. These because ?

A

they don’t produce normal myostatin.

23
Q

How did scientists discover that genes are made of DNA?

A

Late 1800’s scientists knew genetic information existed in genes. – they didn’t know what a gene was.
1900’s studies of divided cells provided evidence that genes are part of chromosomes.

24
Q

Antibacterial vaccines consist of:

A
  • A weakened strain of the bacteria, it can’t cause illness. Injecting the weakened but living strain into an animal may cause immunity against the strains.
  • Others use disease-causing (virulent) bacteria that has been killed by exposure to heat or chemicals.
25
Q

who said tried to make a vaccine to prevent bacterial pneumonia?

A

Frederick Griffith

26
Q

Griffith’s Experimented with 2 strains of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae

A
  • R-strain: didn’t cause pneumonia when injected.
  • S-strain: when injected it did cause the illness and killed the mice in 2 days.
27
Q

Who discovered that the transforming molecule is DNA

A
  • Oswald Avery
  • Colin MacLeod
  • Maclyn McCarty
28
Q

They insolated DNA from the live S-strain and mixed it with live ________ and produced live________.

A

R-strain, S-strain.

29
Q

with DNA-destroying enzymes: it prevented the

A

transformation

30
Q

DNA consists of long chains made of subunits called _________

A

nucleotides

31
Q

nucleotides consists of 3 parts:

A
  • Phosphate group
  • Sugar called deoxyribose
  • 1 of 4 nitrogen containing bases.
32
Q

The bases of nucleotides are:

A
  • Adenine (A)
  • Thymine (T)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Cytosine (C)
33
Q

who analyzed the amounts of the four bases in DNA from diverse organisms like bacteria, fish and humans?

A

Erwin Chargaff

34
Q

Who used X-ray diffraction to study the DNA molecule. They bombarded crystals of purified DNA with X-rays and recorded how they bounced off the DNA?

A

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

35
Q

Wilkins and Franklin could extract information about DNA from the pattern. Which information?

A
  • It is long and thin - Uniform diameter of 2 nanometers
  • It is helical, twisted like a spiral staircase.
  • It is a double helix – 2 DNA strands coil around one another.
  • Consists of repeating subunits
  • Phosphates are outside of the helix.
36
Q

Who combined the diffraction data with knowing how complex organic structures bond and considering that “important biological objects come in pairs”, deduced the structure of DNA?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick:

37
Q

is bonded to the sugar of the next nucleotide, making a sugar-phosphate backbone of alternating covalently bonded sugars and phosphates. The bases stick out of the backbone.

A

The phosphate group of one nucleotide

38
Q

Watson and Crick said that a complete DNA molecule consists of

A
  • 2 strands of DNA assembled like a twisted ladder.
  • The sugar-phosphate backbones form the uprights of the ladder.
  • The rungs are specific pairs of bases, with one member of each pair coming from the backbone. The pair of bases are held together by hydrogen bonds.
  • The 2 strands in the double helix are antiparallel to one another, they are oriented in different directions.
39
Q

Complementary bases:

A

A-T
G-C

40
Q

How does DNA replication ensure genetic constancy during cell division?

A

Rudolf Virchow said cells come from preexisting cells. Almost every cell in the body contains identical genetic information that is the same from when we are a fertilized egg.

41
Q

Essential ingredients for replication:

A
  • Parental DNA strands
  • Free nucleotides
  • Enzymes that unwind the parental DNA doble helix and synthesize new strands.
42
Q

the ones that break the doble helix. They pull apart the parental doble helix, so the bases no longer form base pairs with each other is:

A

DNA helicase:

43
Q

enzyme that synthesizes a DNA polymer. They move along separated parental DNA strand, matching bases on the parental strands with complementary free nucleotides is:

A

DNA polymerase:

44
Q

What are mutations and how do they occur?

A

The nucleotide sequence is preserved with great precision.

45
Q

what is mutation?

A

occasional changes in the nucleotide sequence. / An alteration in sequences of DNA

46
Q

rare causes of mutations are:

A
  • X-rays
  • UV rays
  • Some cigarette components
  • Some fungi
47
Q

Types of mutations?

A
  1. Inversion
  2. Translocation
  3. Insertion
  4. Deletion
  5. Point mutation or substitution

biolo convo (4 decks)

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