s1p1 Flashcards
What made Mathias Schleiden (German botanist)?
in 1838 concluded that cells and substances produced by cells form the basic structure of plants, and that plant growth occurs by adding new cells.
What made Theodor Schwann (German)?
drew similar conclusions about animal cells.
Who provided a unifying theory of cells as fundamental units of life?
Schleiden and Schwann’s
Who completed the cell theory?
Rudolf Virchow (German physician)
mention 3 Cell theory principles
1) Every organism is made up of one or more cells
2) The smallest organisms are single cells, and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms 3) All cells arise from preexisting cells
What are the Basic Attributes of Cells?
All living things are composed of cells.
Cell functions mention at least 4
- Obtaining energy and nutrients
- Synthesizing biological molecules
- Eliminating wastes
- Interacting with other cells
- Reproducing
Why the cells its small?
because of the need for cell to exchange nutrients and wastes with their external environment through the plasma membrane.
Many nutrients and wastes move into, though, and out of the cell by ___________.
diffusion
what is diffusion?
The process by which molecules dissolved in fluids disperse from regions where their concentration to higher to regions where concentration is lower.
Phospholipid bilayer is?
helps isolate the cell from its surrounding, allowing the cell to maintain essential differences in concentrations of materials inside and outside.
what is cytoplasm?
Consists of all the fluid and structure that lie inside the plasma membrane but outside of the nucleus.
Most of the cell’s metabolic activities occur in the_____________
cytoplasm
Cells must synthesize a variety of proteins like the ones in the:
cytoskeleton
plasma membrane
2 Basic Types of Cells
Prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
the función of the Cell wall is?
Protects and supports the cell
the función of the Cilia is?
Move the cell through fluid or move fluid past the cell surface
the función of the flagella is?
Move the cell through fluid
the función of the Plasma membrane is?
Isolates the cell contents from the environment, regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell, allows communication with other cells
the function of Genetic material is….
Encodes the information needed to construct the cell and to control cellular activity
Plant cell walls are composed primarily of__________.
cellulose.
Animal cells unique structures:
centrioles, lysosomes, cilia, flagella.
Plant cells unique structures:
central vacuoles, cell walls, plastids including chloroplasts.
Eukaryotic cells are made of
cellulose, protein, or glassy silica.
3 categories of cytoskeletal proteins:
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules.
it regulates these properties of the cell:_________
cytoskeleton
Mendel’s Laws:
1- Law of segregation
2- Independent assortment
3- Dominance
Sex linked diseases:
Daltonism
- Hemophilia
- Albinism
- Dwarfism (achondroplasia)
Ways of inheritance:
- dominance.
- Incomplete dominance
- Polygenic inheritance
- Pleiotropy
How can a defective allele be dominant to the normal allele?
Some dominant alleles encode an abnormal protein that interferes with the function of the normal one. Other dominant alleles may encode proteins that carry out new, toxic reactions. Dominant alleles may encode a protein that is overactive, performing its function at inappropriate times and places in the body.
Cuál es el mejor ligues de Daniela
Kevin
If an organism has a BB genotype, the organism is
homozygous dominant
The science of heredity is called
genetics
An organism with two different alleles is called
heterozygous
The position of a gene in a chromosome is called
locus
The inheritance pattern when both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype of a heterozygote is called
codominance
A rooster has two factors controlling a given characteristic, black color dominates the white color in feathers, these factors separate and go to different gametes when a parent reproduces. This represents:
Law of segregation
The different versions of a gene are called
alleles
Hypophosphatemia causes a type of rickets in which patients do not react to normal doses of Vitamin D. This disorder is caused by a dominant allele represented with the letter b; sex linked disease. A carrier heterozygous woman decides to have children with a man with a normal genotype. The genetic code that expresses P genotype is
mom:XBXb,DadXBY
If the two alleles for one trait are the same (pp or PP), the person is that trait.
for
homozygous.
The difference between the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment is
that
independent assortment has genes that clump together and split into the same Cell
A brown-eyed heterozygous (Ee) parent is crossed with a brown-eyed homozygous dominant (EE) parent. Brown eyes are dominant, and blue eyes are recessive. What are the expected offspring percentages for eye color?
100% brown eyes.
The genotypes expressed in percentages of the offspring from a cross between a parozorys domini owly parent for white hair with a homozygous recessive (w)
100% Ww
The following microscopic structures pointed out with the dark arrows in figure 1 are called:
Mitochondria
An example of a Sex-linked disease is
Haemophilia
If a black homozygous short tailed cat is crossed with a long white heterozygous tailed cat then the P gametes will stand for:
Bs,Bs, bs, bs, Bs. bs, bs, bs
The first recorded scientific study of genetics was done by
Gregor Mendel
Punnett squares show the possible
genotypes and phenotypes
What is the main role of mitochondria and chloroplasts in the cell?
It provides energy.
The round structure in the microscopic view in Figure 2, is the control center of the cell and is called the
Nucleus
Gregor Mendel experimented with pea plants was because
they could either cross pollinate or self-pollinate
Vacuoles differ in plants and animal cells because
they are bigger in plants, smaller in animals
a. Mention the three principles of the cell theory
Every organism is made up otone or more cells. glisethe basic wore of all organisms and mullicellular
List the five components of the nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Pores
Nucleolus
Mention the kind of enzymes that lysosomes contain
digestive
List two functions of the cell membrane
Allow communication with other cells.
Controls the materials that go in and out of the cell, also surrounds the cell.
