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(2) Physical Modalities > S2_L1: Introduction to Electrotherapy > Flashcards

S2_L1: Introduction to Electrotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Charge is a measure of the number of free electrons that an atom has lost or gained. It can either be (-) cation or (+) anion

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

C, It can either be (+) cation or (-) anion

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2
Q

The following statements are true about charge, EXCEPT:
A. Presence of 2 poles
B. Cathode
C. Anode
D. unit of measurements: Coulomb (6.25 x 10^18 e-)
E. None of the above

A

E

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Current is the movement of charged particles in a conductor in response to an applied electric field

A

T

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4
Q

Modified TRUE OR FALSE: Voltage is also known as electromotive force (emf) or electrical potential difference. It is the driving force that makes charged particles move

A

TT, standard unit: Volt (V)

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5
Q

The following statements are true about current, EXCEPT:

A. opposite the flow of electrons
B. referred to as intensity or amplitude
C. standard unit: intensity or amplitude
– Ampere (A), mA, uA
D. 1 C/sec = 1A
E. None of the above

A

E, (C = coulomb)

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Resistance is the opposition to movement of direct current.
The standard unit of measurement is Ohm.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

A

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7
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Ohm’s Law is V=IR. Current is inversely proportional to voltage while it’s directly proportional to resistance.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

C, Current is DIRECTLY proportional to voltage while it’s INVERSELY proportional to resistance

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8
Q

The following statements are true about conductance, EXCEPT:
A. the ease with which a material allows current to flow

B. the opposite of resistance

C. standard unit of measurement is Mho & Siemens

D. None of the above

A

D

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9
Q

Match the following term to its definition.

  1. ability to store charge using electrostatic field
  2. ability to store electrical energy by means of electromagnetic field
  3. standard unit: Henry
  4. standard unit: Farad
  5. Charge/voltage

A. Capacitance
B. Inductance

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. B
  4. A
  5. A
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10
Q

Match the following terms to its definition

  1. opposition to movement of alternating current
  2. total frequency-dependent opposition to electric current flow
  3. circuit stimulator (resistive, capacitive, inductive)
  4. skin surface (resistive, capacitive)
  5. standard unit: Ohm

A. Capacitance
B. Inductance
C. Impedance

A

ALL impedance

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11
Q

Modified TRUE OR FALSE: Only move intensity during off time & don’t move intensity during on time. Electrical stimulation (ES) for pain relief is done for 20 mins.

A

FT , Only move intensity during on time & don’t move intensity during off time.

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12
Q

modified TRUE OR FALSE: ES for muscle contraction/retard muscle atrophy is done for 10 mins per muscle. Muscle stimulation/muscle re-education/strengthening is done for 10-15 mins.

A

TT

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13
Q

The following statements about constant voltage are true, EXCEPT:
A. The voltage level set will remain the same

B. Has voltage control, low internal resistance – output impedance <50 ohm

C. Advantage is its automatic reduction of current when electrode
size is reduced or if contact with skin becomes
loose

D. Disadvantage is apparent if the pressure is suddenly increased between the tissue
and the electrode because of the decrease in tissue impedance

E. None of the above

A

E

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14
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Constant current will change the voltage output but will leave current unaffected.
It has current control, high internal resistance with output impedance of > 10K ohm

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

A

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15
Q

TRUE OR FALSE about constant current.

Advantage: decreased electrode size or pressure,­ increased current concentration
(discomfort & electrical burns)

Disadvantage: more consistent level of stimulation
A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

B,
Advantage: more consistent level of stimulation

Disadvantage: decreased electrode size or pressure,­ increased current concentration
(discomfort & electrical burns)

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16
Q

The following statements are true about electrode materials, EXCEPT:
A. Sponge rubber foam over metallic base enclosed
in a non-conducting backing

B. carbon impregnated silicon rubber

C. Qualities include capable of reacting chemically, conductor, non-toxic, durable, flexible

D. None of the above

A

D

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17
Q

Match the following electrode polarity to its definition.

  1. attracts anions
  2. repels cations
  3. Alkaline
  4. fewer large
    bubbles of 02
  5. black

A. Anode (+)
B. Cathode (-)

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. B
  4. A
  5. B
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18
Q

Match the following electrode polarity to its definition.

  1. attracts cations
  2. repels anions
  3. Acidic
  4. many tiny
    bubbles of H
  5. Red

A. Anode (+)
B. Cathode (-)

A
  1. B
  2. B
  3. A
  4. B
  5. A
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19
Q

modified TRUE OR FALSE about electrode coupling:

Electrodes must be coupled to the tissue site both mechanically and electrically to function properly. Coupling media includes: tap water, gel, karaya gum, lotion

A

TF, lotion is NOT included

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20
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

A
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21
Q

The following statements are true about tissue impedance, EXCEPT:
A. 500,000 W for dry skin (Nelson-Curier)

B. 1,000 W for wet skin
(Nelson-Curier)

C. 1 million W for dry skin (Wadsworth)

D. 20,000 W for wet skin (Wadsworth)

E. None of the above

A

E

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22
Q

TRUE OR FALSE on tissue impedance:

Techniques to decrease skin impedance include: Hydration, Mild abrasion, Tissue warming.
Use of High voltage (100V) & Higher frequency are also techniques to decrease skin impedance

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

A

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23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE on electrode size & placement:

Current Density is the amount of current flow per unit area. There are different types of tissues over the area stimulated, meaning more adipose tissue will need a higher intensity to reach the muscle/nerve

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

A

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24
Q

The following statements are true about electrode size & placement, EXCEPT:
A. Longitudinal orientation is ideal for long muscles & is for muscle stimulation/re-education

B. Transverse orientation is for big muscles & is used for muscle contraction

C. There should be distance between the stimulating electrode and the dispersive electrode

D.None of the above

A

D

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25
Q

Match the following technique to its definition.

  1. Only one electrode is placed over the target area (the treatment/ stimulating/ active electrode
  2. the non-treatment/ return/ dispersive electrode usually is larger and is placed over various body parts
  3. Uses: muscle disuse atrophy,
    neuromuscular facilitation, ROM
    limitation, protective muscle spasm, most circulatory disorders, pain
  4. Both electrodes are placed over the target area
  5. Excitatory responses are perceived
    under both electrodes
  6. Uses: motor point stimulation, dermal ulcers & wound healing, edema and iontophoresis

A. Monopolar technique
B. Bipolar technique

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. B
  4. B
  5. B
  6. A
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26
Q

Match the following electrode polarity to its definition.

  1. decreased nerve
    excitability d/t
    hyperpolarization
  2. Indifferent electrode
  3. sedative
  4. hardening of tissue
    d/t solidification of
    protein

A. Anode (+)
B. Cathode (-)

A

ALL A. Anode (+)

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27
Q

modified TRUE OR FALSE on safety considerations & patient care:

Patient should have no contraindications
to electrotherapy application.

Examples of CI include: Demand cardiac pacemaker, Indwelling phrenic nerve/urinary bladder
stimulators, Carotid sinuses, Venous/ arterial thrombosis/thrombophlebitis, Over pregnant uterus, Cancer

A

TT

28
Q

modified TRUE OR FALSE on

A
29
Q

The following statements are true about safety considerations & patient care:, EXCEPT:

A. Always explain procedure to the patient

B. Use with extreme caution on individuals who can not communicate

C. Do not use within 3 meters of SWD or MWD

D. As much as possible do not use 2 electrical devices simultaneously to a patient

E. None of the above

A

E

30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Electric Shock is the flow of current through human tissue
usually with adverse effect/unwanted physiologic response.

Microshock = < 1000 uA while Macroshock = >1000 uA.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

A

  • Macroshock
    (1 second of 60Hz AC stimulation of intact skin of the hands)
31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE about Machine Application.

Immediately increase amplitude after all the parameters have been set. Do not make changes in parameters with out lowering the intensity first

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

D, Gradually increase

32
Q

The following statements are true about Machine Application, EXCEPT:
A. Never use cheater plugs

B. Never place line-powered stimulators close to a radiator pipe, water pipe

C. Use ground fault circuit interruptors (GFCI)

D. Use electrodes designed for a particular stimulator

E. None of the above

A

E

33
Q

Match the following electrode polarity to its definition.
1. increased nerve
excitability d/t
depolarzation

  1. Active electrode
  2. stimulative
  3. softening of tissue
    d/t liquefaction of
    protein

A. Anode (+)
B. Cathode (-)

A

ALL B. Cathode (-)

34
Q

Match the following current amplitude to its physiologic effects

  1. Pain & possible fainting
  2. Threshold for tingling sensation
  3. Cannot release grip on electrical conductor due to muscle contraction
  4. Ventricular fibrillations
  5. Sustained myocardial
    contraction, temporary respiratory paralysis & burns

A. 1 mA
B. 16 mA
C. 50 mA
D. 100 mA - 3 A
E. 6 A

A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. B
  4. D
  5. E
35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE about Machine Application.

Perform routine check ups & always turn intensity knob to zero before applying electrodes to patient. Do not adjust amplitude stimulation during
off time

A

TT

36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

A
37
Q

The following statements are true about Machine Application, EXCEPT:
A. Adjust only one parameter at a time

B. Do not remove electrodes while currents are applied

C. Never reduce the intensity to zero before turning off the machine

D. Never pull the plug from the socket by pulling on the cord & never disconnect machine while the power is on

E. None of the above

A

C, reduce the intensity to zero before turning off the machine

38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Direct Current (DC) is also known as Galvanic current which is used for iontophoresis, wound healing, stimulation of denervated muscle. It is an uninterrupted flow of charged particles in one
direction for about 1 sec or longer.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

A

  • Modulations: Reversed DC, Interrupted DC, Surged DC
39
Q

TRUE OR FALSE about DC:

Lapicque mapped out the “motor points” or areas of skin where ES most effectively caused specific muscles to contract.

Duchenne developed the “law of excitation,” relating the intensity and duration of stimulus in producing muscle contractions & introduced the concept of strength-duration curve.

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

B. Names are interchanged

Duchenne mapped out …
Lapicque developed the…

40
Q

The following statements are true about alternating current (AC), EXCEPT:
A. Continuous or uninterrupted, bidirectional flow of charged particles

B. Current that changes in direction of flow with reference to zero baseline at least once per
second

C. Used to promote soft tissue & osseous tissue regeneration, management of pain

D. Modulations include: Time-modulated AC & Amplitude-modulated DC

E. None of the above

A

E

41
Q

modified TRUE OR FALSE on pulsatile current (PC):

It is a uni or bidirectional flow of current that periodically ceases for a finite period of time. It is characterized by periodic interruptions in current flow & is the most commonly used type of current

A

TT

42
Q

modified TRUE OR FALSE about pulse:

It is an isolated electrical event separated by a period of time
from the next event. It represents an infinite period of charged particle movement

A

TF, It represents a FINITE period of charged particle movement

43
Q

The following statements are true about Waveform, EXCEPT:
A. visual representation of the pulse on a current vs. time plot

B. Geometric shape includes: rectangular, square, triangular, sawtooth, spiked

C. Mathematical function that would give rise to
a shape

D. sinusoidal is common in DC

E. None of the above

A

D, sinusoidal is common in AC

44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE about phase:

It represents current flow in one direction for an infinite period of time. It refers to the unidirectional current flow on the
graph which can be monophasic, biphasic, polyphasic

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

D , It represents current flow in one direction for a FINITE period of time.

45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE about symmetry:

Symmetrical are mirrored images with same shape & area while Asymmetrical are not mirrored shapes. Balanced phase charge are different shape in the same area while unbalanced phase charge are different shape in different area

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

A

46
Q

The following statements are true about Amplitude & Time-dependent Variables, EXCEPT:

A. Phase Charge is the amount of electrical energy delivered to the tissue with each phase of each pulse

B. Phase Charge is represented by the area under a single phase

C. Pulse Charge is the sum of all the phase charges in the pulse

D. Pulse Charge is represented by the area under a single pulse

E. None of the above

A

E

47
Q

Match the following quantitative characteristics to its amplitude-dependence

  1. represents the effective current applied to tissues
  2. current flow per unit of time
  3. a.k.a. Total current- amount of current delivered to the tissue per second
  4. the maximum current or voltage delivered in one phase
    of a pulse
  5. maximum current reached in a monophasic pulse or
    each phase of a biphasic pulse
  6. maximum current measured from peak of 1st phase to
    the peak of the 2nd phase in a biphasic pulse

A. Peak amplitude
B. Peak-to-peak amplitude
C. Root mean square (RMS)
D. Average current

A
  1. C
  2. D
  3. D
  4. A
  5. A
  6. B
48
Q

Match the following quantitative characteristics to its time-dependence

  1. old term: Pulse width, elapsed time between the beginning and end of one phase
  2. elapsed time between the start and the end of all phases in a single pulse
  3. time for the leading edge of the phase to increase from zero to the peak amplitude of one phase
  4. time for the trailing edge of the phase to return to zero current from peak amplitude
  5. elapsed time between two successive phases, a.k.a. intrapulse interval
  6. elapsed time between two successive pulses

A. phase duration
B. pulse duration
C. interphase interval
D. interpulse interval
E. Rise Time
F. Decay time

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. E
  4. F
  5. C
  6. D
49
Q

Match the following quantitative characteristics to its time-dependence

  1. the percentage of total time that the current is actually on
  2. represents the on-time divided by the sum of the on and off times
  3. the period of time the current is delivered
  4. the period of time current flow stops

A. Duty cycle
B. On time
C. Off time

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. B
  4. C
50
Q

Match the following quantitative characteristics to its time-dependence

  1. elapsed time from a reference point on one pulse to the
    identical point on the next pulse
  2. equal to pulse duration + interpulse interval & the reciprocal of frequency
  3. the number of times per second a waveform repeats itself
  4. number of pulses per second (pps) & number of cycles per second (Hertz)

A. period
B. frequency / pulse rate

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. B
  4. B
51
Q

modified TRUE OR FALSE

Current Modulation is the automatic sequential variation in
current parameters to prevent accommodation.

It has 4 types namely Frequency Modulation, Ramp Modulation, Duration Modulation, Burst Modulation.

A

TT

52
Q

modified TRUE OR FALSE:

High-Voltage Pulsed Galvanic Current (HVPGC) are two high peak-current amplitude monophasic waveform with short phase duration (up to
200usec).

It has a monopolar twin peak with instantaneous rise and
slope on downslide since the dual peak is needed to stimulate nerve axons.

A

TT

53
Q

The following statements are true about Faradic Current, EXCEPT:

A. An uneven alternating surged current with a pulse duration of 1 ms at a frequency of 50 Hz primarily followed by damped oscillation of 1000 Hz

B. a triangular/ square wave pulses from 0.2 to 1ms pulse
duration with a frequency of 50 Hz selectively surged

C. asymmetric biphasic pulse of short duration (1 ms) more comfortable than galvanic current

D. None of the above

A

D

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE on Biological effects of ES:

Faraday’s Law states that the amount of chemical reaction is directly proportional to the
quantity of electricity passing through the electrolytic solution.

The Electrochemical Effects of ES is where polarity forms new chemical compounds like Acid formation that occurs under Anode (AAA) & Basic/Alkaline formation that develops under the Cathode (CAB)

A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. Only the 1st statement is true
D. Only the 2nd statement is true

A

A,

*(AAA)= acidic accumulation in anode
*(CAB) = cathode accumulation of base

55
Q

Match the following current to its definition

  1. Uses (MFC) Medium Frequency Currents (1,000-10,000 Hz)
  2. Superimposes (heterodyned) 2 MFC which are slightly out of phase with each other
  3. The slightly out of phase waves are heterodyned. They algebraically summate and in effect set up a new waveform
  4. Indications are to diffuse pain & for muscle weakness/re-education
  5. Monophasic, half-wave or full wave pulses
    rectified from 50 Hz, sine wave AC currents

A. interferential current (IFC)
B. Russian current
C. Aussie current
D. Diadynamic current

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. A
  4. A
  5. D
56
Q

Match the following current to its definition

  1. Stimulators in which a continuous sine wave output
    of about 2500 Hz is modulated to yield 50 burst per second. Each burst is actually a polyphasic pulse waveform “time modulated AC”
  2. Medium frequency (MF)burst AC
  3. 1,000 Hz burst-modulated AC current delivered in 4 msec
    bursts.
  4. Greater torque production and decreased rate of muscle
    fatigue compared to the Russian current.
  5. Effects are almost similar to that of galvanic
    current

A. interferential current (IFC)
B. Russian current
C. Aussie current
D. Diadynamic current

A
  1. B
  2. B
  3. C
  4. C
  5. D
57
Q

Match the following type to its waveform

  1. 50 Hz full wave rectified AC
  2. 50 Hz 1⁄2 wave rectified
  3. DF & MF alternate every second
  4. DF & MF are phased
    shifted for 5 sec. with DF
    amplitude moderated
    followed by MF for 10 sec.
  5. 1 sec. MF followed by 1 sec. rest

A. Diphase Fixe
B. Monophase Fixe
C. Courtes Periodes
D. Longues Periodes
E. Syncopal

A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. C
  4. D
  5. E
  • Type = Indication

A. Diphase Fixe = Precedes application

B. Monophase Fixe = Muscle stimulation

C. Courtes Periodes = Analgesia

D. Longues Periodes = Longer analgesia

58
Q

Match the following effects of electrotherapy to the cellular level

  1. Excitation of peripheral nerves
  2. Changes of membrane permeability
  3. Modification of fibroblast & fibroclast formation
  4. Modification of osteoblast & osteoclast formation
  5. Modification of microcirculation and capillary flow
  6. Changes of protein and blood-cell concentration
  7. Alteration of enzymatic activity
  8. Enhancement of protein synthesis
  9. Modification of mitochondrial size & concentration

A. Direct
B. Indirect
C. Unknown

A
  1. A
  2. A/B
  3. A/B
  4. A/B
  5. C
  6. C
  7. A/B
  8. A
  9. A/B
59
Q

Match the following effects of electrotherapy to the tissue level

  1. Skeletal muscle contraction (force, contraction speed, reaction time, fatigability)
  2. Smooth muscle contraction or relaxation and its effect on blood flow
  3. Tissue regeneration
  4. Tissue remodeling
  5. Changes in tissue thermal and chemical balance

A. Direct
B. Indirect
C. Unknown

A
  1. B
  2. B
  3. A/B
  4. A/B
  5. A/B
60
Q

Match the following effects of electrotherapy to the segmental level

  1. Muscle group contraction and its effect on joint mobility and synergistic muscle activity
  2. Muscle pumping action effects on macrocirculation
  3. Alteration of lymphatic drainage and arterial blood flow not associated with muscle contraction

A. Direct
B. Indirect
C. Unknown

A

ALWAYS INDIRECT

61
Q

Match the following effects of electrotherapy to the systemic level

  1. Analgesic effects associated with endogenous polypeptides
  2. Analgesics effects due to
    neurotransmitters
  3. Circulatory effects associated with polypeptides
  4. Modulation of internal organ activity such as kidney and heart functions

A. Direct
B. Indirect
C. Unknown

A

ALWAYS INDIRECT

62
Q

Match the following physiologic correlates of ES to its definition

  1. Sensation (sensory-level response)
  2. Skeletal muscle contraction (motor-level response)
  3. Pain (noxious-level response)
  4. Subliminal excitation/microcurrent
  5. Secondary to electrothermal and/or electrophysical effect
  6. examples are bone growth, wound healing, edema,
    protein synthesis, scar tissue remodeling

A. Excitatory Effects (Physiologic Targets)
B. Non-excitatory Effects

A
  1. A
  2. A
  3. A
  4. A
  5. B
  6. B
63
Q

arrange the following currents from the highest to least amount of electrochemical effects

  1. Direct current
  2. Interrupted DC
  3. Monophonic PC
  4. Unbalanced Biphasic PC
  5. Symmetrical Biphasic Current
A

Direct current (unidirectional, Flow is 1 sec or longer)

Interrupted DC (unidirectional)

Monophonic PC

Unbalanced Biphasic PC

Symmetrical Biphasic Current (cancels out the + & - charges so 0 residual charge)

64
Q

Modified T/F.

Electrophysical (Electrokinetic) Effects, causes ionic movements including electrolytes and
non-dissociated molecules.

Electrothermal Effects are secondary to electrophysical effect & the microvibration along with friction produces heat.

A

TT

65
Q

modified T/F.

Joule’s Law states that the amount of heat production (H) is
proportional to the square of the total current (I^2), the
resistance (R) and time (t) for which the current flows.

The formula for Joule’s law is H= 0.24 I^2Rt

A

TT

66
Q

T/F the ff. are in the correct documentation format

  1. Conventional TENS X 20 mins using ENS on low back area in prone to dec. pain.
  2. FES using Dynatron 438 c symmetrical biphasic square waveform c 200 usec pulse duration X 60 Hz on (L) supraspinatus and middle
    deltoid while reaching sideways in standing X 10 reps X 1 set to increase functional strength.
  3. NMES using Myomed 632X c triangular symmetrical biphasic triangular waveform using 600 usec X 50 Hz on (R) quadriceps while sitting dangling X 10 reps X 2 sets c 5 lbs ankle weight to increase muscle strength.
  4. LIDC using SONOPULS 692s X 0.5 mA for 30 minutes with cathode on the (B) heel bedsore in prone to facilitate tissue healing.
  5. IFC using Endomed X 200 usec pulse duration X carrier freq of 4000 Hz X beat freq of 100 Hz X 20 mins around (L) shoulder in sitting to dec. pain.
A

All True

LIDC = low intensity direct current

IFC = interferential frequency current

(2) Physical Modalities (12 decks)

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