S2 L11: Common Gait Deviations Associated w/ Orthotic Device Issues Flashcards
FOREFOOT SLAPS THE GROUND
Foot Slap
Foot Slap Orthotic Causes
- Inadequate dorsiflexion assist
- Inadequate plantarflexion stop
Foot Slap Anatomical Causes
Weak dorsiflexors because cannot control lowering of foot to the ground
TIPTOE POSTURE MAY OR MAY NOT BE MAINTAINED THROUGHOUT STANCE
Toes First
Toes First Orthotic Causes
- Inadequate heel lift
- Inadequate dorsiflexion assist
- Pt’s foot is plantarflexed, hence the tiptoe position
- Inadequate plantarflexion stop
- Inadequate relief of heel pain
Toes First Anatomical Causes
- Short LE
- Pes Equinus
- Extensor Spasticity
- Heel Pain
ENTIRE FOOT CONTACTS GROUND INITIALLY (No heel strike)
FLAT FOOT CONTACT
Flat Foot Contact Orthotic Causes
- Inadequate traction from sole
- Requires walking aid (e.g., cane)
- Inadequate dorsiflexion stop
Flat Foot Contact Anatomical Causes
Poor balance and Pes Calcaneus
MEDIAL (OR LATERAL) BORDER CONTACTS FLOOR
EXCESSIVE MEDIAL (OR LATERAL) FOOT CONTACT
Excessive Medial (or Lateral) Foot Contact Orthotic Cause
Transverse Plane Malalignment
Excessive Medial (or Lateral) Foot Contact Anatomical Causes
- Weak Invertors/Evertors
- Pes Valgus/Varus
- Genu Valgum/Varum
KNEE COLLAPSES WHEN FOOT CONTACTS GROUND
EXCESSIVE KNEE FLEXION
Excessive Knee Flexion Orthotic Causes
- Inadequate knee lock
- Inadequate dorsiflexion stop
- Plantarflexion restriction (stop)
- Inadequate contralateral shoe lift
Excessive Knee Flexion Anatomical Causes
- Weak quadriceps (buckling of the knee)
- Short contralateral LE
- Knee Pain
- Knee and or hip flexion contracture
- Flexor Synergy
- Pes Calcaneus
KNEE HYPEREXTENDS AS WEIGHT IS TRANSFERRED TO LE
HYPEREXTENDED KNEE
Hyperextended Knee Orthotic Causes
- Genu recurvatum inadequately controlled by plantarflexion stop
- Excessively concave (deep) calf band
- Pes equinus uncompensated by contralateral shoe lift
- Inadequate knee lock
Hyperextended Knee Anatomical Causes
- Weak quadriceps
- Lax knee ligaments
- Extensor synergy
- Pes equinus
- Short contralateral LE
- Contralateral knee and/or hip flexion contracture
PATIENT LEANS FORWARD AS WEIGHT IS TRANSFERRED TO LE
ANTERIOR TRUNK BENDING
Anterior Trunk Bending Orthotic Causes
Inadequate Knee Lock
Anterior Trunk Bending Anatomical Causes
- Weak quadriceps (Pt shifts forward)
- Hip flexion contracture
- Knee flexion contracture
PATIENT LEANS BACKWARD AS WEIGHT IS TRANSFERRED TO LE
POSTERIOR TRUNK BENDING
Posterior Trunk Bending Orthotic Causes
- Inadequate Hip Lock
- Knee Lock
Posterior Trunk Bending Anatomical Causes
- Weak gluteus maximus
- Knee Anylosis
PATIENT LEANS TOWARD STANCE LEG AS WEIGHT IS TRANSFERRED TO LE
LATERAL TRUNK BENDING
Lateral Trunk Bending Orthotic Causes
- Excessive height of medial upright of KAFO
- Excessive abduction of hip joint of HKAFO
- Requires walking aid (ex. Cane)
- Insufficient shoe lift
Lateral Trunk Bending Anatomical Causes
- Weak gluteus medius
- Abduction contracture
- Dislocated hip
- Hip pain
- Poor balance
- Short leg
HEEL CENTERS MORE THAN 4 IN. (10 CM) APART
WIDE WALKING BASE
Wide Walking Base Orthotic Causes
- Excessive height of medial upright of KAFO
- Excessive abduction of hip joint of HKAFO
- Insufficient lift on contralateral shoe
- Knee Lock
- Requires walking aid
Wide Walking Base Anatomical Causes
- Abduction contracture
- Poor balance
- Short contralateral LE
LE INTERNALLY (OR EXTERNALLY) ROTATED
INTERNAL (OR EXTERNAL) ROTATION
Internal (or External) Rotation Orthotic Causes
- Uprights incorrectly aligned in transverse plane
- Requires orthotic control
Internal (or External) Rotation Anatomical Causes
- Internal (or external) hip rotators spastic
- External (or internal) hip rotators weak
- Anteversion (retroversion) of femur
- Weak quadriceps: leads to external rotation
DELAYED OR ABSENT TRANSFER OF WEIGHT OVER THE FOREFOOT
INADEQUATE TRANSITION
Inadequate Transition Orthotic Causes
- Plantarflexion stop
- Inadequate dorsiflexion stop
Inadequate Transition Anatomical Causes
- Weak plantarflexors
- Achilles tendon sprain or rupture
- Pes calcaneus
- Forefoot pain
TOES MAINTAIN CONTACT WITH GROUND
TOE DRAG
Toe Drag Orthotic Causes
- Inadequate dorsiflexion assist
- Inadequate plantarflexion stop
Toe Drag Anatomical Causes
- Weak dorsiflexors (Pt cannot lift the foot)
- Plantarflexor spasticity
- Pes equinus
- Weak hip flexors
LE SWINGS OUTWARD IN A SEMICIRCULAR ARC
CIRCUMDUCTION
Circumduction Orthotic Causes
- Knee Lock
- Inadequate dorsiflexion assist
- Inadequate plantarflexion stop
Circumduction Anatomical Causes
- Weak hip flexors
- Extensor synergy
- Knee and/or ankle ankylosis
- Weak dorsiflexors
- Pes equinus
LE ELEVATED AT PELVIS TO ENABLE THE LIMB TO SWING FORWARD
HIP HIKING
Hip Hiking Orthotic Causes
- Knee lock
- Inadequate dorsiflexion assist
- Inadequate plantarflexion stop
Hip Hiking Anatomical Causes
- Short contralateral LE
- Contralateral knee and/or hip flexion contracture
- Weak hip flexors
- Extensor synergy
- Knee and/or ankle ankylosis
- Weak dorsiflexors
- Pes equinus
EXAGGERATED PLANTARFLEXION OF CONTRALATERAL LE TO ENABLE THE LIMB TO SWING FORWARD
VAULTING
Vaulting Orthotic Causes
- Knee lock
- Inadequate dorsiflexion assist
- Inadequate plantarflexion stop
Vaulting Anatomical Causes
- Weak hip flexors
- Extensor spasticity
- Pes equinus
- Short contralateral LE
- Contralateral knee and/or hip flexion contracture
- Knee and/or ankle ankylosis
- Weak dorsiflexors