Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Bio > S2 Final > Flashcards

S2 Final Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what elements are carbs made up of

A

CHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are lipids made up of

A

CHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are proteins made up of

A

CHON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are nucleic acids made up of

A

CHONP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

all enzymes require a ___________

A

catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

explain hydrolysis

A

adding water to break bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

name three monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are isomers

A

same molecules, different shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is sucrose made of

A

glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is lactose made up of

A

galactose and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is maltose made up of

A

glucose and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

BS Test

A

benedicts solution

-turns orange in monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

iodine test

A

turns black in starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

levels of protein structure

A
  • primary: order of amino acids
  • secondary: hydrogen bond(alpha helix)
  • tertiary: fold on selves
  • Quaternary: join with other chains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cell theory

A
  • all organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • cells are the smallest living thing
  • cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

prokaryotes

A
  • cell wall

- do photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

eukaryotes

A
  • have nucleus

- no cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hypertonic

A

more solute and less water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hypotonic

A

less solute and more water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is osmosis

A
  • water going through a membrane
  • to reach equilibrium
  • a form of facilitated diffusion( high to low concentration)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

exocytosis

A
  • exit

- cell pooping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

endocytosis

A

-enter

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

oxidation

A

loses an electron(gets more positive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

reduction

A

gains an electron(gets more negative)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

laws of thermodynamics

A
  1. energy can change but is never destroyed

2. entropy is continuously increasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

ATP is made up of three components. what are they?

A
  • five carbon sugar(ribose)
  • adenine(nitrogenous base)
  • three phosphates linked in a chaing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the four stages of respirations

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate decarboxylate
  3. krebs cycle
  4. electron transport chain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where is pyruvate decarboxylate taking place

A

going through the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where is the krebs cycle taking place

A

inside both membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

where does the electron transport chain take place

A

inner membrane

32
Q

what does kinase do

A

add or take away a phosphate

33
Q

what does isomerase do

A

change shape

34
Q

at the end of glycolysis what do you have? (net gain)

A

2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate

35
Q

in the oxidation of pyruvate (pyruvate decarboxylation) how many NADHs do you make

A

2 (4 total after both glycolysis and now pyruvate decarb.)

-also two CO2s

36
Q

what do you get at the end of the krebs cycle

A
  • four CO2s
  • 2 ATP
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH
37
Q

what do you have at the end of the Electron transport chain

A
  • six CO2
  • 4 ATP
  • 10 NADH
  • 4 FADH
38
Q

at the end of the four stages of respiration how many ATP do you have

A

36

39
Q

NADH are worth ____ ATP

A

3

40
Q

FADH is worth ___________ ATP

A

2

41
Q

there are two processes of photosynthesis. what are they?

A

light reaction and the dark reaction

42
Q

what is the light reaction in photosynthesis

A

makes ATP and NADH

43
Q

what happens in the dark reaction of photosynthesis

A

CO2 becomes glucose

44
Q

what is the equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2 +12 H2O + light = C6H12OO6 + 6H20 + 6O2

45
Q

what is the calvin cycle

A

its the reverse of glycolysis - puts sugar together

46
Q

what is apoptosis

A

cell dies

47
Q

how do cells divide in prokaryotes

A

binary fission

48
Q

what is trisomy 21

A

down’s syndrome

49
Q

trisomy 18

A

edward’s syndrome

50
Q

trisomy 13

A

patau’s syndrome

51
Q

what is the P53 gene

A

the guardian angel gene

-if the dna is bad, it halts cell division and stimulates repair enzymes

52
Q

where does crossing over take place

A

prophase

53
Q

helicase

A

unwinds the double helix

54
Q

primase

A

puts on rna primer

55
Q

dna gyrase

A

relieves the torque

56
Q

dna polymerase 3

A

synthesis dna

57
Q

dna polymerase

A

erase primer and fill gaps with dna

58
Q

dna ligase

A

joins or glues segments together

59
Q

transcription

A
  1. rna polymerase binds to promoter
  2. rna polymerase adds nucleotides to coding region
  3. using U instead T
  4. rna polymerase arrives a stop signal and disengages\
  5. new mrna is released
60
Q

translation

A
  1. rna binds to start signal on mrna
  2. ribsome moves along mrna = 3 nucleotides at a time
  3. each group of 3 nucleotide - 1 amino acid
  4. stop signal is encountered and mrna disengages
  5. the protein is released
61
Q

what are promoters

A

60 base pairs long

62
Q

difference between bacteria and eukaryotic

A
  1. only eukaryotic genes have introns (except archaebacteria)
  2. bacterial mrna molecules - transcription occurs several genes at a time
  3. bacteria being translation before transcription is complete
  4. only eukaryotic mrna needs to be modified
  5. ribosomes are larger in eukaryotes
63
Q

what is the lysogenic cycle

A

inserts viral dna into your dna

64
Q

what factors alter hardy weinburg stuff

A
  • mutation
  • migration
  • nonrandom mating
  • genetic drift
  • selection
65
Q

what is the central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

66
Q

what do dendrites do

A

collect impulses

67
Q

axons

A

send impulses

68
Q

node of ranvier

A

breaks in myelin sheath that allow impulses to pass

69
Q

schwann’s cells

A

puts on the myelin sheath

70
Q

myelin sheath

A

keeps nerves from shorting out

71
Q

what are smooth muscles

A

spindled

  • in intestines
  • don’t get tired
72
Q

what skeletal muscles

A

get tired

-oxygen debt

73
Q

what are cardiac muscles

A

not controlled by the brain and they need a lot of oxygen

74
Q

what is the pituitary gland

A

-endocrine gland that makes a lot of hormones

75
Q

pineal glands

A

secretes melatonin

76
Q

thyroid gland

A

effect metabolism in body cells

77
Q

thymus glad

A

for immunity (T cells)

AP Bio (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions