S2 Final Flashcards
1
Q
what elements are carbs made up of
A
CHO
2
Q
what are lipids made up of
A
CHO
3
Q
what are proteins made up of
A
CHON
4
Q
what are nucleic acids made up of
A
CHONP
5
Q
all enzymes require a ___________
A
catalyst
6
Q
explain hydrolysis
A
adding water to break bonds
7
Q
name three monosaccharides
A
glucose
fructose
galactose
8
Q
what are isomers
A
same molecules, different shape
9
Q
what is sucrose made of
A
glucose and fructose
10
Q
what is lactose made up of
A
galactose and glucose
11
Q
what is maltose made up of
A
glucose and glucose
12
Q
BS Test
A
benedicts solution
-turns orange in monosaccharides
13
Q
iodine test
A
turns black in starch
14
Q
levels of protein structure
A
- primary: order of amino acids
- secondary: hydrogen bond(alpha helix)
- tertiary: fold on selves
- Quaternary: join with other chains
15
Q
cell theory
A
- all organisms are composed of one or more cells
- cells are the smallest living thing
- cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell
16
Q
prokaryotes
A
- cell wall
- do photosynthesis
17
Q
eukaryotes
A
- have nucleus
- no cell wall
18
Q
hypertonic
A
more solute and less water
19
Q
hypotonic
A
less solute and more water
20
Q
what is osmosis
A
- water going through a membrane
- to reach equilibrium
- a form of facilitated diffusion( high to low concentration)
21
Q
exocytosis
A
- exit
- cell pooping
22
Q
endocytosis
A
-enter
-
23
Q
oxidation
A
loses an electron(gets more positive)
24
Q
reduction
A
gains an electron(gets more negative)
25
laws of thermodynamics
1. energy can change but is never destroyed
| 2. entropy is continuously increasing
26
ATP is made up of three components. what are they?
- five carbon sugar(ribose)
- adenine(nitrogenous base)
- three phosphates linked in a chaing
27
what are the four stages of respirations
1. glycolysis
2. pyruvate decarboxylate
3. krebs cycle
4. electron transport chain
28
where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm
29
where is pyruvate decarboxylate taking place
going through the membrane
30
where is the krebs cycle taking place
inside both membranes
31
where does the electron transport chain take place
inner membrane
32
what does kinase do
add or take away a phosphate
33
what does isomerase do
change shape
34
at the end of glycolysis what do you have? (net gain)
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
35
in the oxidation of pyruvate (pyruvate decarboxylation) how many NADHs do you make
2 (4 total after both glycolysis and now pyruvate decarb.)
| -also two CO2s
36
what do you get at the end of the krebs cycle
- four CO2s
- 2 ATP
- 6 NADH
- 2 FADH
37
what do you have at the end of the Electron transport chain
- six CO2
- 4 ATP
- 10 NADH
- 4 FADH
38
at the end of the four stages of respiration how many ATP do you have
36
39
NADH are worth ____ ATP
3
40
FADH is worth ___________ ATP
2
41
there are two processes of photosynthesis. what are they?
light reaction and the dark reaction
42
what is the light reaction in photosynthesis
makes ATP and NADH
43
what happens in the dark reaction of photosynthesis
CO2 becomes glucose
44
what is the equation of photosynthesis
6CO2 +12 H2O + light = C6H12OO6 + 6H20 + 6O2
45
what is the calvin cycle
its the reverse of glycolysis - puts sugar together
46
what is apoptosis
cell dies
47
how do cells divide in prokaryotes
binary fission
48
what is trisomy 21
down's syndrome
49
trisomy 18
edward's syndrome
50
trisomy 13
patau's syndrome
51
what is the P53 gene
the guardian angel gene
| -if the dna is bad, it halts cell division and stimulates repair enzymes
52
where does crossing over take place
prophase
53
helicase
unwinds the double helix
54
primase
puts on rna primer
55
dna gyrase
relieves the torque
56
dna polymerase 3
synthesis dna
57
dna polymerase
erase primer and fill gaps with dna
58
dna ligase
joins or glues segments together
59
transcription
1. rna polymerase binds to promoter
2. rna polymerase adds nucleotides to coding region
3. using U instead T
4. rna polymerase arrives a stop signal and disengages\
5. new mrna is released
60
translation
1. rna binds to start signal on mrna
2. ribsome moves along mrna = 3 nucleotides at a time
3. each group of 3 nucleotide - 1 amino acid
4. stop signal is encountered and mrna disengages
5. the protein is released
61
what are promoters
60 base pairs long
62
difference between bacteria and eukaryotic
1. only eukaryotic genes have introns (except archaebacteria)
2. bacterial mrna molecules - transcription occurs several genes at a time
3. bacteria being translation before transcription is complete
4. only eukaryotic mrna needs to be modified
4. ribosomes are larger in eukaryotes
63
what is the lysogenic cycle
inserts viral dna into your dna
64
what factors alter hardy weinburg stuff
- mutation
- migration
- nonrandom mating
- genetic drift
- selection
65
what is the central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
66
what do dendrites do
collect impulses
67
axons
send impulses
68
node of ranvier
breaks in myelin sheath that allow impulses to pass
69
schwann's cells
puts on the myelin sheath
70
myelin sheath
keeps nerves from shorting out
71
what are smooth muscles
spindled
- in intestines
- don't get tired
72
what skeletal muscles
get tired
| -oxygen debt
73
what are cardiac muscles
not controlled by the brain and they need a lot of oxygen
74
what is the pituitary gland
-endocrine gland that makes a lot of hormones
75
pineal glands
secretes melatonin
76
thyroid gland
effect metabolism in body cells
77
thymus glad
for immunity (T cells)
