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1. D2: Exercise and performance > S2. Exercise at altitude > Flashcards

S2. Exercise at altitude Flashcards

1
Q

What is a primary physiological limitation to exercise at high altitude?

A

VO2max is reduced due to hypoxia

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2
Q

How does pulmonary artery pressure change at high altitude?

A

It increases due to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

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3
Q

What is the impact of hypoxia on oxygen diffusion in the lungs?

A

It limits oxygen transfer due to reduced partial pressure gradients

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4
Q

How does high altitude affect cardiac output during exercise?

A

Cardiac output is maintained but stroke volume may decrease

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5
Q

What is the ‘Silver Hut’ expedition known for?

A

Studying human performance at extreme altitudes

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6
Q

What is a chronic adaptation observed in high-altitude populations?

A

Increased hematocrit and capillary density

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7
Q

What is the role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) at high altitude?

A

It regulates gene expression for adaptation to hypoxia

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8
Q

How does mitochondrial density change with prolonged high-altitude exposure?

A

Mitochondrial density decreases

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9
Q

What is the ‘live high-train low’ approach?

A

Living at high altitude while training at lower altitudes to optimize performance

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10
Q

How does iron infusion benefit exercise at high altitude?

A

It reduces pulmonary artery pressure and improves cardiopulmonary function

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11
Q

What is the significance of bar-headed geese in altitude research?

A

They demonstrate superior oxygen transport and utilization in hypoxia

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12
Q

What are common metabolic changes observed at high altitude?

A

Switch to glycolytic metabolism and increased UCP3 expression

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13
Q

How does hypoxia affect pulmonary vascular remodeling?

A

It increases vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure

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14
Q

What effect does chronic hypoxia have on the right ventricle?

A

Increased workload and potential hypertrophy

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15
Q

How does high altitude impact VO2max?

A

VO2max decreases proportionally to the altitude level

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16
Q

What adaptation reduces the risk of hypoxic pulmonary edema in high-altitude natives?

A

Blunted hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

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17
Q

How does acclimatization improve oxygen transport?

A

Increases red blood cell count and 2,3-DPG levels

18
Q

What is the impact of hypoxia on peripheral oxygen diffusion?

A

It reduces oxygen delivery to tissues due to lower oxygen gradients

19
Q

Why might athletes benefit from altitude training?

A

Improved oxygen delivery and erythropoiesis after returning to sea level

20
Q

What is the purpose of control groups in altitude training studies?

A

To assess the true effects of altitude exposure on performance

21
Q

How does prolonged hypoxia affect skeletal muscle?

A

Reduces oxidative capacity and shifts metabolism to glycolysis

22
Q

What is a limitation of ‘living high-training high’?

A

It can impair high-intensity training performance due to hypoxia

23
Q

How do chronic high-altitude populations differ genetically?

A

They have adaptations in HIF pathway genes for efficient oxygen use

24
Q

What is the role of UCP3 in high-altitude metabolism?

A

It regulates mitochondrial uncoupling and energy efficiency

25
Q

How does acute altitude exposure affect lactate production?

A

Increases due to a reliance on anaerobic metabolism

26
Q

What is the significance of ‘Operation Everest II’?

A

A simulated study of human performance at extreme altitudes

27
Q

How does pulmonary vasodilation impact exercise at altitude?

A

Improves oxygenation but may increase blood flow inefficiency

28
Q

What is the effect of high altitude on blood oxygen saturation?

A

Decreased saturation due to reduced partial pressure of oxygen

29
Q

Why is iron status important for altitude adaptation?

A

Iron is essential for hemoglobin synthesis and oxygen transport

30
Q

What metabolic shift occurs in Phd1 knockout mice at altitude?

A

Improved adaptation to hypoxia with altered metabolism

31
Q

What is the impact of altitude training on erythropoiesis?

A

Stimulates red blood cell production through EPO activation

32
Q

What are the main ethical concerns with hypoxic training?

A

Potential unfair advantages and health risks

33
Q

How does the heart adapt acutely to altitude?

A

Increased heart rate to maintain cardiac output

34
Q

What is the effect of prolonged altitude exposure on muscle mass?

A

Muscle atrophy due to reduced protein synthesis

35
Q

What is the role of PPARa at high altitude?

A

Regulates lipid metabolism under hypoxic conditions

36
Q

How does exercise at altitude affect ventilation?

A

Ventilation increases to compensate for lower oxygen availability

37
Q

What is the significance of studying Chuvash polycythemia?

A

It provides insights into adaptations to chronic hypoxia

38
Q

Why is ‘dose’ of hypoxia important in training?

A

It determines the extent of physiological adaptations

39
Q

What is the relationship between high altitude and oxidative stress?

A

Increased oxidative stress due to hypoxia and reduced antioxidants

40
Q

How does high altitude affect capillary density?

A

Increases to enhance oxygen delivery to tissues

1. D2: Exercise and performance (9 decks)

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