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1. D2: Exercise and performance > L1. Physiology of training > Flashcards

L1. Physiology of training Flashcards

1
Q

What is VO2max?

A

It is the maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise

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2
Q

What physiological factors determine VO2max?

A

Cardiac output, oxygen delivery, and oxygen extraction by tissues

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3
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Cardiac output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

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4
Q

What does the Fick equation represent in exercise physiology?

A

It quantifies the relationship between oxygen consumption, cardiac output, and arterial-venous oxygen difference

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5
Q

What are the central and peripheral factors limiting exercise performance?

A

Central: Cardiac output and pulmonary diffusion. Peripheral: Muscle oxygen extraction and mitochondrial function

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6
Q

Why is the heart a key focus for exercise training?

A

It directly impacts cardiac output, stroke volume, and oxygen delivery to tissues

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7
Q

What experiment demonstrated the role of the pericardium in exercise performance?

A

Pigs with pericardiectomy showed a 30% increase in VO2max compared to sham-operated controls

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8
Q

How do oxygen levels affect exercise capacity in highly trained athletes?

A

Supplemental oxygen enhances performance in highly trained athletes due to improved pulmonary diffusion

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9
Q

What is the role of hemoglobin in exercise physiology?

A

Hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood, and higher hemoglobin levels improve oxygen delivery and exercise performance

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10
Q

What was the significance of the blood transfusion experiment in runners?

A

It demonstrated that increasing hematocrit through transfusion enhances endurance performance

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11
Q

How does altitude training influence exercise performance?

A

Exposure to low oxygen pressure stimulates erythropoiesis, improving oxygen delivery capacity

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12
Q

What does the term ‘athlete’s heart’ describe?

A

An enlarged heart with greater stroke volume and reduced resting heart rate in trained athletes

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13
Q

What adaptation occurs in muscles during endurance training?

A

Increased mitochondrial density and oxidative capacity

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14
Q

How does lactate threshold differ between trained and untrained individuals?

A

Trained individuals have a higher lactate threshold, allowing prolonged high-intensity exercise

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15
Q

What is anaerobic threshold?

A

The point at which lactate starts accumulating in the blood during exercise

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16
Q

How does aerobic exercise differ from anaerobic exercise?

A

Aerobic exercise relies on oxygen metabolism, while anaerobic exercise relies on glycolysis

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17
Q

What is the significance of PGC-1α in exercise adaptation?

A

It is a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic adaptation to exercise

18
Q

What metabolic pathway is predominantly used in high-intensity anaerobic exercise?

A

Glycolysis, leading to lactate production

19
Q

What experiment showed the muscle’s capacity for oxygen extraction?

A

One-legged exercise experiments demonstrated higher oxygen extraction compared to two-legged exercise

20
Q

What physiological changes are observed in high-altitude adaptations?

A

Increased red blood cell count and improved oxygen carrying capacity

21
Q

What are the metabolic benefits of prolonged exercise?

A

Improved fatty acid oxidation and increased efficiency in ATP production

22
Q

How does type 2 diabetes affect exercise physiology?

A

It impairs glucose metabolism and reduces exercise efficiency

23
Q

What is the role of the TCA cycle in exercise metabolism?

A

It produces ATP through oxidative metabolism in mitochondria

24
Q

What device is commonly used to measure VO2max?

A

A cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) system

25
Q

What was observed in Paula Radcliffe’s training data?

A

Her VO2max remained stable, but her lactate threshold improved significantly over time

26
Q

What is the difference between VO2max and VO2peak?

A

VO2max is the plateau of oxygen consumption, while VO2peak is the highest observed value during a test

27
Q

Why is resting bradycardia observed in athletes?

A

Due to increased stroke volume and cardiac efficiency

28
Q

What experiment involved grayhounds and exercise performance?

A

Grayhounds with pericardiectomy showed improved performance due to enhanced cardiac filling

29
Q

What is the oxygen cascade in exercise physiology?

A

The sequential drop in oxygen levels from the lungs to mitochondria

30
Q

How does pulmonary fibrosis affect exercise capacity?

A

It reduces oxygen diffusion, limiting aerobic performance

31
Q

What is the significance of diffusion limitation in trained athletes?

A

High cardiac output reduces time for oxygen diffusion in the lungs

32
Q

What is cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)?

A

A method to assess VO2max, ventilation, and other exercise parameters

33
Q

What did experiments on red blood cell transfusions reveal?

A

Increased hematocrit improves VO2max and endurance

34
Q

How does oxidative metabolism differ in trained muscles?

A

Trained muscles have greater mitochondrial density and ATP production capacity

35
Q

What limits anaerobic exercise performance?

A

Accumulation of lactate and depletion of phosphocreatine

36
Q

Why is mitochondrial biogenesis important for endurance?

A

It enhances the muscle’s ability to produce ATP and sustain prolonged activity

37
Q

What are the central adaptations to aerobic training?

A

Increased cardiac output, stroke volume, and capillary density

38
Q

What are peripheral adaptations to anaerobic training?

A

Increased muscle fiber recruitment, glycolytic capacity, and lactate tolerance

39
Q

What experiment used supplementary oxygen during exercise?

A

Studies showed minimal effect in untrained but improvement in highly trained athletes

40
Q

What is the role of hemoglobin concentration in exercise?

A

Higher hemoglobin improves oxygen transport and endurance performance

1. D2: Exercise and performance (9 decks)

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