L7. Exercise and metabolic control in type II diabetes Flashcards
What is the primary role of exercise in type 2 diabetes management?
To improve glycemic control and reduce insulin resistance
What is insulin resistance?
Reduced glucose uptake in response to insulin, common in type 2 diabetes
How does insulin facilitate glucose uptake in muscle?
By phosphorylating Akt and TBC1D4, allowing GLUT-4 translocation
What role does GLUT-4 play in glucose regulation?
It transports glucose into muscle cells from the bloodstream
How does exercise promote glucose uptake independently of insulin?
Through AMPK activation, which increases GLUT-4 translocation
What is the primary molecular adaptation in muscles after regular exercise?
Increased mitochondrial biogenesis and GLUT-4 content
What is the gold standard for measuring insulin sensitivity?
The hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test
How does resistance training improve glycemic control?
By increasing muscle mass and glycogen storage capacity
Why is high-intensity interval training (HIIT) effective for diabetes management?
It improves insulin sensitivity with a reduced time commitment
What is the effect of exercise on fasting plasma glucose?
It reduces fasting glucose levels by increasing insulin sensitivity
How does skeletal muscle respond to a single bout of exercise?
With increased glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis
What happens to glucose metabolism during high-intensity exercise?
Splanchnic glucose production increases to meet muscular demand
What is the relationship between sedentary behavior and type 2 diabetes?
Increased sedentary behavior elevates the risk of developing type 2 diabetes
What are the ADA recommendations for aerobic exercise in diabetes?
At least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity per week
What is the effect of muscle contractions on glucose uptake?
They amplify glucose uptake independent of insulin
Why is glucose uptake impaired in insulin-resistant individuals?
Due to increased serine phosphorylation of IRS-1
What are the long-term benefits of combining aerobic and resistance training?
Enhanced glycemic control and improved cardiovascular health
How does exercise prevent fatty liver in type 2 diabetes?
By reducing de novo lipogenesis and hepatic triglyceride content
What role does AMPK play in exercise-mediated glucose uptake?
It activates GLUT-4 translocation to facilitate glucose entry into cells
What is a common molecular defect in type 2 diabetic muscle?
Impaired phosphorylation of TBC1D4 by insulin signaling pathways
How can high-intensity exercise reduce postprandial hyperglycemia?
By improving glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis
What is the impact of exercise timing on glycemic control?
Exercise after meals improves postprandial glucose regulation
What is the relationship between physical activity and HbA1c levels?
Regular physical activity reduces HbA1c levels significantly
What is the effect of exercise on mitochondrial function in type 2 diabetes?
It enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic flexibility
Why is resistance training important for older adults with diabetes?
It prevents sarcopenia and improves glucose disposal capacity
What adaptations occur in skeletal muscle with exercise training?
Increased GLUT-4 content, capillary density, and enzyme activity
What is the additive effect of combining insulin and exercise?
Increased phosphorylation of TBC1D4 and enhanced glucose uptake
What is the relationship between muscle mass and glucose metabolism?
Greater muscle mass correlates with improved glucose disposal
What is the role of aerobic exercise in cardiovascular health for diabetics?
It reduces cardiovascular risk factors and improves lipid profiles
How does exercise intensity affect glucose uptake?
Higher intensities increase glucose uptake but may elevate plasma glucose
What is the significance of breaking up sedentary behavior in diabetes?
It improves glycemic control and reduces cardiovascular risk
How long do the benefits of a single exercise bout last in diabetics?
Up to 48-72 hours for improved insulin sensitivity
What is the impact of prolonged inactivity on exercise adaptations?
Exercise-induced adaptations can be lost within 14 days of bedrest
How does type 2 diabetes accelerate biological aging?
It reduces muscle mass and metabolic flexibility, worsening glycemic control
What is the effect of exercise on toxic lipid intermediates?
It reduces their accumulation, improving insulin sensitivity
Why is physical activity cost-effective for diabetes management?
It reduces medication reliance and healthcare costs
What is the impact of exercise on inflammatory markers in diabetes?
It decreases inflammation, enhancing insulin signaling pathways
What molecular adaptations are triggered by resistance training?
Improved TBC1D4 phosphorylation and glycogen synthesis
What is the relationship between AMPK and ATP turnover during exercise?
AMPK activation increases ATP regeneration for muscle contractions
How does exercise improve metabolic flexibility in diabetics?
It enhances the ability to switch between fuel sources based on demand
