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1. D2: Exercise and performance > L4. Cardiovascular control during exercise > Flashcards

L4. Cardiovascular control during exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key mechanisms controlling the cardiovascular response to exercise?

A

Central command and peripheral feedback

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2
Q

What is the role of central command in cardiovascular control during exercise?

A

It initiates cardiovascular adjustments in anticipation of exercise

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3
Q

What does the arterial baroreflex do during exercise?

A

It resets to a higher operating pressure to maintain perfusion during increased activity

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4
Q

What is Starling’s Law and how does it relate to exercise?

A

It describes how increased venous return stretches the heart and increases stroke volume

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5
Q

What is the role of the insular cortex in exercise?

A

It coordinates cardiovascular responses by inhibiting vagal output via the nucleus ambiguus

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6
Q

What did Krogh and Lindhard’s studies on cortical irradiation demonstrate?

A

The anticipatory rise in heart rate and ventilation prior to exercise

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7
Q

What is the effect of isometric exercise on cardiovascular function?

A

It increases blood pressure by activating the muscle pressor reflex

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8
Q

What happens to blood flow distribution during exercise?

A

It is redistributed from visceral organs to skeletal muscles

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9
Q

What did Eldridge’s study reveal about subthalamic nucleus stimulation?

A

It increased blood pressure and heart rate even in paralyzed animals

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10
Q

What is the importance of the muscle pressor reflex?

A

It maintains blood pressure during sustained contractions by sensing metabolites

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11
Q

What role does dynamic exercise play in cardiovascular regulation?

A

It facilitates gas exchange and heat dissipation through increased blood flow to muscles

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12
Q

How does heart rate change with graded exercise intensity?

A

It increases proportionally to the workload and effort perception

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13
Q

What was the significance of Gandevia’s study on whole-body paralysis?

A

It demonstrated heart rate and blood pressure responses driven by central command alone

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14
Q

What is the effect of denervated hearts on exercise response?

A

They rely on Starling’s Law and circulating catecholamines to increase output

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15
Q

How does vagal inhibition facilitate exercise initiation?

A

By reducing parasympathetic influence to allow heart rate to rise

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16
Q

What cardiovascular changes are induced by adrenaline during exercise?

A

Increased heart rate, stroke volume, and redistribution of blood flow

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17
Q

How does the PAG contribute to exercise-induced cardiovascular control?

A

It integrates nociceptive and cardiovascular responses for adaptive adjustments

18
Q

What did Basnayake’s triceps vibration experiment show?

A

Increased central command and cardiovascular drive during perceived effort

19
Q

What happens to the muscle pressor reflex during epidural anesthesia?

A

It is blocked, reducing blood pressure and heart rate responses

20
Q

How is cardiac output redistributed during exercise?

A

Increased to working muscles, decreased to visceral organs

21
Q

What is the role of the motor cortex in exercise anticipation?

A

It primes cardiovascular and respiratory systems for activity

22
Q

What is the effect of vagus nerve inhibition on exercise capacity?

A

It prevents bradycardia, allowing for sustained increases in heart rate

23
Q

How does the nucleus ambiguus modulate cardiovascular responses?

A

By controlling vagal outflow to the heart

24
Q

What is the significance of blood pressure during isometric exercise?

A

It reflects the activation of the muscle pressor reflex and central command

25
Q

What did the Goodwin experiment reveal about effort perception?

A

Higher perceived effort increases cardiovascular output even without physical changes

26
Q

What role does central command play in perceived exertion?

A

It adjusts cardiovascular responses based on expected exercise intensity

27
Q

What did experiments with the subthalamic nucleus in cats demonstrate?

A

It drives cardiovascular and locomotor responses during stimulation

28
Q

What is the function of the dorsal lateral periaqueductal grey (PAG)?

A

Drives hypertensive responses during nociceptive stimuli

29
Q

How does muscle occlusion demonstrate the muscle pressor reflex?

A

Trapping metabolites prolongs blood pressure elevation after exercise

30
Q

What are the primary drivers of increased cardiac output during exercise?

A

Heart rate, stroke volume, and sympathetic activation

31
Q

How does the respiratory system integrate with cardiovascular control during exercise?

A

Increased ventilation supports oxygen delivery and CO2 removal

32
Q

What did Rowell’s study on circulation occlusion show?

A

Metabolite accumulation drives sustained blood pressure elevation

33
Q

What is the relationship between sympathetic drive and exercise intensity?

A

Sympathetic activity scales with effort and workload

34
Q

How does dynamic exercise differ from isometric in cardiovascular response?

A

Dynamic exercise improves blood flow, while isometric increases blood pressure

35
Q

What is the anticipatory cardiovascular response to exercise?

A

Increased heart rate and ventilation before movement begins

36
Q

How does effort feedback influence cardiovascular responses?

A

Greater perceived effort increases heart rate and blood pressure

37
Q

What did experiments on paralysed animals reveal about central command?

A

It independently controls cardiovascular responses without muscle feedback

38
Q

What is the significance of the insular cortex in exercise control?

A

It coordinates signals to optimize cardiovascular output during activity

39
Q

How do central and peripheral mechanisms integrate during exercise?

A

Central command sets the initial drive, while peripheral feedback fine-tunes responses

40
Q

What did Thornton’s study reveal about deep brain stimulation in cardiovascular control?

A

It showed that stimulation of specific brain regions can drive increases in blood pressure and heart rate

1. D2: Exercise and performance (9 decks)

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