S12-Wide Area Networks (WANs) Flashcards
what is FTTH?
“Fiber to the Home”
Fiber optic connection brought directly to a residence
What is FTTC?
“Fiber to the Curb/cabinet”
Fiber Optic cables run to the curbside or cabinet
What is FTTN?
“Fiber to the Node/Neighborhood”
Fiber optic connection extended to a central point in an area or neighborhood
what is FTTB?
“Fiber to the Building/Basement”
Fiber optic cables reach the building’s main communication room/basement
What is HFC?
“Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial”
High-capacity highway that uses a blend of fiber-optic and coaxial cables
What is DOCSIS?
“Data-Over-Cable Service interface Specification”
Standardizes how data is transmitted over a hybrid fiber-coaxial network
What Frequency ranges does DOCSIS use for upstream and downstream?
Upstream
- Between 5 and 42 MHz
Downstream
- Between 40 and 860 MHz
T/F Cable Modems are always asynchronous in their upload and download speeds?
True
What is DSL?
“Digital Subscriber Line”
Internet access provided over the wire though a local telephone network
What is ADSL?
“Asymmetric DSL”
Has Different download and upload speeds
What is SDSL?
“Symmetric DSL”
Equal upload and download speeds
What is VDSL?
“Very High Bit-Rate DSL”
High Speed DS with downloads over 50Mbps and uploads over 10Mbps
What is a DSLAM?
Point of presence owned by the telephone company
Benefits and drawbacks of Satellite internet
Benefits:
- Accessible anywhere
Drawbacks
- Slow
- Expensive
- High Latency
1G Technology
- 30 KHz frequency
- 2Kbps Speed
2G Technology
- GSM
- 1800 Mhz
- 14.4 - 64 Kbps
3G Technology
- 1.6 - 2 GHz
- 144 Kbps to 2 Mbps
4G Technology
- 2 - 8 GHz
- 100 Mpbs to 1 Gbps
5G Technology
Low-Band
- 600-850 MHz
- 30 - 250 Mbps
- Long range
Mid-band
- 2.5 - 3.7 GHz
- 100 - 900 Mbps
High-band
- 25 - 39 GHz
- Fast speeds in Gbps
- low range and penetration
What’s the minimum data speed for a 3G network?
144 kbps
What 3 technologies were used with 3G networks?
- WCDMA
- HSPA
- HSPA+
What is WCDMA?
“Wideband Code Division Multiple Access”
Used by the UMTS standard and reaches up to 2 Mbps
What is HSPA?
“High Speed Packet Access”
Improvement to WCDMA and reaches speeds of up to 14.4 Mbps sometimes referred to as 3.5G
What is HSPA+?
improvement on HSPA. Reaches speeds up to 50 Mbps, sometimes referred to as 3.75G
Global GSM & CDMA usage
US (T-Mobile/AT&T) - GSM
US (Verizon) - CDMA
Japan/South Korea - CDMA
Other Countries - GSM
What is GSM?
“Global System for Mobile Communications”
Cellular technology that takes the voice during a call and then converts it to digital data
What is CDMA?
“Code-Division Multiple Access”
Cellular Technology that uses code division to split up the channel
Microwave Links
Uses a beam of radio waves to transmit information between two fixed location
What frequency range do Microwaves reside in?
300 MHz to 300 Ghz
What are the 3 microwave frequency ranges?
- Ultra High Frequency (UHF)
- Super High Frequency (SHF)
- Extremely High Frequency (EHF)
What standard does Microwave access fall under?
IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)
Microwave link benefits and drawbacks
good:
- Faster than cellular & DSL
Bad:
- Expensive
- Complex installation
- Wireless Fixed Location
Leased Line
Fixed Bandwidth that has a symmetric data connection that is reserved for a subscriber’s use
Dedicated Leased Line
Continuous connection between two points that are setup by a provider
Leased Line Benefits
- Symmetric
- Bandwidth Options
- Reliable
- Secure
- WAN connection
What is MPLS?
“Multiprotocol Label Switching”
a networking technology that uses labels instead of network addresses to route traffic across a network
MLPS Benefits
- Versatile (Multi Protocol)
- good for QoS
- Reliable
- Redundancy
Who typically uses MPLS?
Service Providers and Backend operations
