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Head and Neck > s10. larynx and conditions > Flashcards

s10. larynx and conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the larynx?

A
  • airway protection
  • ventilation
  • cough reflex
  • phonation
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2
Q

What is the relation of the larynx to the hyoid bone?

A

it is suspended from an lies below the hyoid bone

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3
Q

What is the larynx?

A

part of the upper respiratory tract that begins at the laryngeal inlet and ends at the lower border of the cricoid cartilage (C6), when it then continues on as the trachea

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4
Q

What is the relation of the larynx to the laryngopharynx?

A

lies anterior to it

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5
Q

What is the piriform fossa and its function?

A

it is formed by the laryngopharynx as it cups around the laryngeal inlet- collects food and fluid that moves over the epiglottis, protecting the airway

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6
Q

What are the laryngeal cartilages?

A
  • the epiglottis
  • Arytenoid cartilages
  • Cricoid cartilage
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7
Q

What are the Arytenoid cartilages?

A

Pyramid-like cartilaginous structures that form the posterior attachment of the true vocal cords- they are found at the back of the cricoid cartilage

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8
Q

What is the cricoid cartilage?

A

a complete ring of cartilage that connects the larynx to the trachea

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9
Q

What synovial joints are present in the larynx?

A
  • cricothyroid

- cricoid arytenoid

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10
Q

What is the thyrohyoid membrane?

A

membrane between thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone which suspends the larynx from the hyoid

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11
Q

What is the cricothyroid membrane and what is its importance?

A

connects thyroid cartilage to cricoid cartilage-we carry out a cricothyroidotomy here

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12
Q

What is the use of a cricothyroidotomy?

A

provides emergency access to to the airway beneath the vocal cords when the patient is unable to be intubated or ventilated

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13
Q

What is the position of the vocal cords at different pitches?

A
  • at HIGH PITCH the vocal cords are pulled taught by the cricothyroid muscles
  • at LOW PITCH the vocal cords are less taught
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14
Q

What is the innervation of the cricothyroid muscle and what is its clinical relation?

A

the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (a branch of CNX)
CLINICAL RELATION
- runs in close proximity to the superior thyroid artery so a risk of injury in thyroid surgery resulting in hoarse voice when attempting higher pitches

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15
Q

What is laryngitis?

A

inflammation of the larynx, often involving the true vocal cords
How does laryngitis present? -hoarse weak voice
-sore throat
-history URT
-viral and non infectious aetiology
SELF LIMITING

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16
Q

what are laryngeal nodules?

A

benign growths of the vocal cords caused by acute trauma or chronic irritation

17
Q

How do laryngeal nodules present?

A
  • hoarse voice for more than 3 weeks

- requires visualisation of vocal cords and biopsy to rule out cancer

18
Q

What can cause laryngeal oedema?

A

allergic reaction or swallowed foreign body

19
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A

inflammation of the epiglottis and supraglottic tissues usually affecting children-often haemophilus

20
Q

How does epiglottitis present?

A 
difficulties breathing
difficulties swallowing and drooling
high fever
sore throat
sniffing position
21
Q

How do we manage epiglottitis?

A

DO NOT EXAMINE THROAT AS CAN CAUSE DETERIORATION INTO COMPLETE AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION

  • intubation or tracheostomy
  • antibiotics
22
Q

What is croup?

A

a viral respiratory infection that infects the larynx and trachea in children between 6 months and 3 years

23
Q

How does croup present?

A
  • barking cough, most mild and doesnt need hospitalisation

- severe symptoms such as stridor, resp distress and cyanosis will present to hospital and may need oxygen and steroids

24
Q

How is the airway normally maintained?

A

actively held open by muscles and has protective reflexes such as gag reflex requiring complex neural pathways- decreased consciousness can depress these reflexes

25
Q

What are airway adjuncts?

A

used if the patient can breath spontaneously- keep airway patent
-oropharyngeal (Not used if not that inconscious due to gag)
-nasaopharyngeal
DOES NOT PROTECT THE LRT

26
Q

What is a supraglottic airway?

A

an iGel- maintains the airway and offers some protection- first line in cardiac arrest requiring little skill to insert

27
Q

What is a definitive airway?

A

an endotracheal tube- secures and protects airway in an anesthetised/ unconscious patient

28
Q

What are the simple airway manouvers?

A

head tilt and chin lift

29
Q

what’s the afferent and efferent limb of the gag reflex?

A
  • Afferent limb (sensory): glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

- Efferent limb (motor): vagus nerve (CN X)

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