s10 - Genereal Anaesthesia Flashcards
What is craniomaxillofacial surgery?
Surgical procedures involving the mouth, jaws, face, neck, and skull.
Name one type of surgery included in craniomaxillofacial surgery.
- Dentoalveolar Surgery
- Implant Surgery
- Corrective Jaw Surgery (Orthognathic Surgery)
- Pathology-Related Surgeries
- Reconstructive Surgery
- Congenital Malformations
- Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Disorders
- Trauma Surgery
What is the purpose of corrective jaw surgery?
To correct jaw deformities, facial asymmetry, or sleep apnea.
What is osseointegrated dental implant surgery?
Surgery to insert dental implants for prostheses or bone-anchored devices.
Name one condition treated by craniomaxillofacial surgery.
Cleft lip and palate.
What is minimal sedation (anxiolysis)?
A minimally depressed level of consciousness where the patient can maintain an airway and respond to commands.
What is the key difference between minimal and moderate sedation?
In moderate sedation, patients respond only and purposefully to verbal commands or light touch.
What is deep sedation?
A drug-induced depression of consciousness where patients cannot be easily aroused but respond to painful stimuli.
What is the main risk during deep sedation?
Impaired ability to maintain ventilatory function, requiring airway assistance.
What is general anesthesia?
A drug-induced loss of consciousness where the patient is not arousable, even by painful stimulation.
What is the primary concern during general anesthesia?
The patient’s ability to maintain ventilatory function is impaired.
What is the cardiovascular status during deep sedation?
Cardiovascular function is usually maintained.
What is the patient’s responsiveness during moderate sedation?
Purposeful response to verbal commands or light tactile stimulation.
What is the primary goal of sedation in surgery?
To provide an optimal environment for completing the surgical procedure.
Why is minimizing patient anxiety important during sedation?
To optimize patient comfort and cooperation.
What is the role of sedation in controlling patient movement?
To control behavior and movement, ensuring patient cooperation.
How does sedation optimize analgesia?
By minimizing pain during the procedure.
What is the benefit of maximizing amnesia during sedation?
To prevent the patient from remembering the procedure.
Why is hemodynamic stability important during sedation?
To ensure patient safety and prevent complications.
What is the first step in general anesthesia?
Preoperative assessment.
What is the purpose of preoperative assessment?
To evaluate the patient’s medical condition and minimize anesthesia risks.
What is the induction phase of general anesthesia?
The administration of IV drugs to induce unconsciousness.
What is the role of airway management during anesthesia?
To ensure the patient’s airway is open and protected.
What is the maintenance phase of anesthesia?
The use of inhalational or IV agents to keep the patient unconscious.
What is monitored during the maintenance phase?
Vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, CO2 levels).
What is the emergence phase of anesthesia?
The gradual reduction of anesthetic agents to allow the patient to wake up.
What is the purpose of a preanesthetic evaluation?
To assess the patient’s medical condition and optimize them for surgery.
What is included in a patient’s medical history for preanesthetic evaluation?
Current problems, drug allergies, prior anesthesia exposure, and general health.
What is the Mallampati score used for?
To predict the difficulty of intubation based on oropharyngeal visibility.
What is a Class I Mallampati score?
Soft palate, uvula, fauces, and pillars are visible.
What is a Class IV Mallampati score?
Only the hard palate is visible.
What is thyromental distance used for?
To predict difficult airways; a shorter distance indicates higher risk.
What is the normal thyromental distance?
6.5 cm or more.
What is the purpose of fasting before anesthesia?
To reduce the risk of aspiration during surgery.
How long should adults fast from clear fluids before anesthesia?
2-3 hours.
What is the purpose of preoperative instructions?
To prepare the patient physically and psychologically for surgery.
Question
Answer
How long should a child under 6 months fast from clear fluids before anesthesia?
2 hours.
How long should an adult fast from non-clear fluids/solids before anesthesia?
6 hours or overnight.
Why is fasting important before anesthesia?
To prevent aspiration of stomach contents during surgery.
What is the purpose of preoperative patient counseling?
To reduce anxiety and prepare the patient psychologically for surgery.
What is the role of premedication before surgery?
To relieve anxiety, provide sedation, and prevent nausea and vomiting.
Name one drug used for preoperative sedation.
Midazolam.
What is the purpose of preoperative fasting instructions?
To ensure the patient’s stomach is empty, reducing the risk of aspiration.
What is the role of preoperative drug therapy?
To manage pre-existing conditions and optimize the patient for surgery.
Name one inhalational anesthetic gas.
Nitrous oxide.
What is the primary use of sevoflurane?
As a volatile liquid for maintaining anesthesia.
What is the main advantage of propofol as an IV anesthetic?
Rapid onset and short duration of action.
What is the primary use of fentanyl in anesthesia?
To provide analgesia and sedation.
What is the mechanism of action of succinylcholine?
It is a depolarizing muscle relaxant that causes muscle paralysis.
What is the main side effect of opioids like morphine?
Respiratory depression.
What is the primary use of ketamine in anesthesia?
To provide dissociative anesthesia and analgesia.
What is the main advantage of using midazolam preoperatively?
It provides anxiolysis and amnesia.
What is the primary use of atropine in anesthesia?
To reduce salivary secretions and prevent bradycardia.
What is the main side effect of barbiturates like thiopental?
Cardiovascular and respiratory depression.
What is the first step in the induction of anesthesia?
Pre-oxygenation with 100% oxygen.
What is the primary method of inducing anesthesia?
Intravenous (IV) administration of anesthetic agents.
What is the purpose of pre-oxygenation before induction?
To increase oxygen reserves and prevent hypoxia during apnea.
What is the role of inhalational agents during induction?
To deepen anesthesia after IV induction.
What is the primary goal of induction in anesthesia?
To rapidly achieve a state of unconsciousness.
What is the primary purpose of airway management during anesthesia?
To ensure the patient’s airway is open and protected.
What is the most common method of securing the airway during anesthesia?
Endotracheal intubation.
What is the role of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA)?
To provide a secure airway without the need for intubation.
What is the purpose of using an oropharyngeal airway?
To prevent the tongue from obstructing the airway in an unconscious patient.
What is the primary risk of improper airway management?
Hypoxia due to inadequate ventilation.
What is the role of capnography in airway management?
To monitor CO2 levels and ensure proper ventilation.
What is the primary goal of maintaining anesthesia during surgery?
To keep the patient unconscious and pain-free throughout the procedure.
What is the role of inhalational agents in maintaining anesthesia?
To provide a continuous state of unconsciousness.
What is the role of IV drugs in maintaining anesthesia?
To supplement inhalational agents and provide analgesia or muscle relaxation.
How does the anesthesiologist adjust anesthesia during surgery?
By monitoring vital signs and adjusting the depth of anesthesia as needed.
What vital signs are continuously monitored during anesthesia?
Heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and CO2 levels.
Why is monitoring CO2 levels important during anesthesia?
To ensure adequate ventilation and prevent hypercapnia.
What is the purpose of monitoring oxygen saturation during anesthesia?
To ensure the patient is receiving enough oxygen.
What is the role of blood pressure monitoring during anesthesia?
To detect and prevent hypotension or hypertension.
What is the emergence phase of anesthesia?
The gradual reduction of anesthetic agents to allow the patient to wake up.
What is the primary goal during the emergence phase?
To ensure a smooth and safe transition to consciousness.
What is the role of the recovery area after surgery?
To monitor the patient for complications and provide pain management.
What is the primary concern during postoperative care?
Ensuring the patient’s airway and vital signs are stable.
What is the purpose of pain management after surgery?
To ensure patient comfort and facilitate recovery.
What is the purpose of skin disinfection before surgery?
To reduce the risk of surgical site infections.
What is the most common disinfectant used for skin preparation?
Chlorhexidine or povidone.
What is the purpose of draping in the operating room?
To create a sterile field around the surgical site.
What is the clean zone in the operating room?
The area where preoperative and recovery activities take place.
What is the sterile zone in the operating room?
The area where the highest level of aseptic conditions is maintained.
What is the protective zone in the operating room?
The area surrounding the clean zone, including dressing rooms and reception.
What is the disposal zone in the operating room?
The area for decontamination and disposal of soiled instruments and waste.
What is the purpose of scrubbing, gowning, and glowing before surgery?
To maintain aseptic conditions and prevent infections.
What is the primary purpose of handling surgical instruments correctly?
To ensure precision and safety during surgical procedures.
What is the role of a scalpel in surgery?
To make incisions in tissue.
What is the purpose of forceps in surgery?
To grasp and hold tissues or objects during surgery.
