S1 Parkinson's Flashcards
What are the risk factors for Parkinson’s? (5).
Age. Male > Female. Caucasians > Asians and Africans. Rural workers - pesticides. Family History.
What are the protective factors for Parkinson’s? (2).
Smoking.
Caffeine.
Define Parkinsonism:
Bradykinesia + one of:
Tremor, Rigidity, Postural instability.
Which metabolic disease can cause Parkinsonism?
Wilson’s disease.
Which neurodegenerative disorders can cause Parkinsonism? (4).
Parkinson’s disease.
Lewy Body dementia.
Progressive supranuclear palsy.
Multiple System Atrophy.
What is Parkinson’s disease?
Parkinsonism + asymmetric signs + good response to L-DOPA.
What is bradykinesia? (4).
Slowed gait with shuffling steps.
Reduced facial expressions + blinking.
Reduced gesticulation.
Small handwriting.
What is ‘festinating’?
Body moves forwards before legs do.
What does imaging show in Parkinson’s disease?
Normal or non-specific signs of ageing.
What does a DaTscan show in Parkinsonism?
What is it used for?
Reduced putamen neurons
Distinguishing between essential tremor + parkinsonism.
Which treatments are used in advanced Parkinson’s disease?
Apomorphine SC infusion.
Duodena (continuous L-DOPA via PEJ tube).
Deep brain stimulation.
Why are treatments changed in the advanced stages of Parkinson’s disease?
Therapeutic window is reduced.
How does apomorphine work?
Dopamine agonist.
How does Parkinson’s disease progress?
5-10 year maintenance.
Complex 5 years.
3 palliative years.
What are the milestones that the palliative stages of Parkinson’s have begun? (3).
Visual hallucinations.
Regular falling.
Dementia.
