S1) Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint?

A

A joint / articulation is a point of contact between neighbouring bones, between cartilage and bones, or between teeth and bones

joint with low range of movement has a higher stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which factors are affected by the structural characteristics of a specific joint?

A
  • Strength
  • Magnitude of movement
  • Types of movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three main categories of joints?

A

fibrous least mobile

synovial most mobile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the structure and function of fibrous joints and provide some examples

A
  • Structure: lack a synovial cavity, articulating bones are held very closely together by fibrous connective tissue
  • Function: permit little/no movement
  • E.g. skull sutures, inferior tibiofibular joint, posterior sacroiliac joint*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

State the structure and function of cartilaginous joints

A
  • Structure: lack a synovial cavity, articulating bones are tightly connected by cartilage
  • Function: permit little/no movement as cartilage acts as a glue holding bones together

primary top left - tertiary bottom right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

There are two types of cartilaginous joints.

Identify and describe them

A
  • Primary cartilaginous joints: hyaline cartilage connecting tissue e.g. epiphyseal plate
  • Secondary cartilaginous joints (symphyses): fibrocartilage disc as connecting tissue e.g. pubic symphysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 6 important characteristics of synovial joints?

A
  • Joint cavity
  • Articular cartilage
  • Articular capsule (two layers)
  • Rich blood and nerve supply
  • Accessory ligaments (extracapsular & intracapsular)
  • highly mobile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Identify and describe the two layers of the synovial joint capsule

A
  • Outer fibrous capsule (may have accessory ligaments)
  • Inner synovial membrane (secretes lubricating synovial fluid)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Identify the 6 different types of synovial joints

A

ball and socket - max movement

ellipsoid = condyloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Identify and describe the general types of movement that occur at synovial joints

A
  • Gliding movements: articulating surfaces slide across each other
  • Angular movements: change in the angle between articulating bones (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction)
  • Rotation: a bone turns around its own longitudinal axis (medial rotation, lateral rotation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the structure and function of planar joints and provide an example

A
  • Structure: articulating surfaces are flat / slightly curved (non-axial joint)
  • Function: gliding movements occur
  • E.g. sternoclavicular joint*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the structure and function of hinge joints and provide some examples

A
  • Structure: convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone (mono-axial joint)
  • Function: flexion and extension occur
  • E.g. knee joint, elbow joint, ankle joint*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the structure and function of pivot joints and provide an example

A
  • Structure: rounded/pointed surface of one bone articulates within a ring formed by another bone and a ligament (mono-axial joint)
  • Function: rotation occurs
  • E.g. atlanto-axial joint (C1 and C2)*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the structure and function of condyloid (ellipsoidal) joints and provide an example

A
  • Structure: oval-shaped condyle of one bone rests against the elliptical cavity of another bone (bi-axial joint)
  • Function: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction occur
  • E.g. wrist joint*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the structure and function of saddle joints and provide an example

A
  • Structure: articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and articular surface of the other bone resembles the legs of a rider sitting in a saddle (bi-axial)
  • Function: movement is less restricted
  • E.g. CMCJ between trapezium the base of metacarpal I*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the structure and function of ball-and-socket joints and provide two examples

A
  • Structure: ball-like surface of one bone rests against the cuplike depression of another bone (poly-axial)
  • Function: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation occur
  • E.g. shoulder and hip joints*
17
Q

Identify and describe the 6 special movements which occur only at certain joints

A
  • Elevation&depression – upward and downward movement of the mandible
  • Protraction&retraction – mandible or shoulder girdle move forward and backward parallel to the ground
  • Inversion&eversion – sole of foot moves medially and laterally
  • Dorsiflexion&plantar flexion – bending of the ankle joint
  • Supination&pronation – forearm turns anteriorly and posteriorly
  • Opposition – movement of the thumb across the palm
18
Q

What are the 5 factors affecting contact and range of motion at synovial joints?

A
  • Structure/shape of the articulating bones
  • Strength&tension of the joint ligaments
  • Arrangement&tone of muscles around the joint
  • Apposition of neighbouring soft tissues
  • Disuse of a joint
19
Q

What drives the effects of ageing on joints?

A

The effects of ageing on joints are variable among individuals and are affected by genetic factors and wear and tear

20
Q

Identify 5 effects of ageing on synovial joints

A
  • Decreased production of synovial fluid
  • Thinning of articular cartilage
  • Shortening of ligaments
  • Decrease in ligamentous flexibility
  • Degenerative changes in load-bearing joints
21
Q

Bone function

A
  • support
  • protection of organs
  • metabolic - regulate calcium and phosphate
  • storage for calccium and phosphate ions
  • movement
  • heamoatopoiesis
23
Q

histology of bone

A

(collagen adds to tensile strength)

made of several cylinders which keep the shape compact

25
bone features
* muscle attachments - bones have large muscle attachments to keep structure stable and are associated with powerful movement * grooves - associated with presence of nerves or blood vessels * dips - where other bones can fit in * holes - where blood vessels and nerves can pass * nutrient paramner - allow blood vessels to enter bone and feed
26
27
blood supply to bones
28
development of synovial joints
1. point where joint will form you see cell death 2. left with a gap between 2 bones 3. some ligaments remain intact whole bone is surrounded by perichondrium which becomes periostium of bone and fibrous sheath
29
30
classes of leavers
E = effort applied by muscle L = load