Rxk

Question 1

Olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite mica are the common of Earth’s crust.

Answer 1

dark silicate minerals

Question 2

rich in iron and/or magnesium and are comparatively low in silica (SiO2).

Answer 2

Dark silicate

Question 3

contain greater amounts of potassium, sodium, and calcium and are richer in silica

Answer 3

Light silicates

Question 4

quartz, muscovite mica, and the most abundant mineral group, the feldspars

Answer 4

Light silicates

Question 5

amphibole, pyroxene, and biotite mica, with the other dominant mineral being plagioclase feldspar

Answer 5

Andesitic

Question 6

dense ferromagnesian minerals

Answer 6

Ultramafic

Question 7

Although ultramafic rocks are rare at Earth’s surface, the rock * , which is composed mostly of the minerals olivine and pyroxene, is the main constituent of the upper mantle.

Answer 7

peridotite

Question 8

coarse-grained igneous rock that forms where large masses of granitic magma slowly solidify at depth.

Answer 8

Granite

Question 9

extrusive equivalent of granite

Answer 9

Rhyolite

Question 10

• is a common type of volcanic glass.

Answer 10

Obsidian

Question 11

the intrusive equivalent of andesite,

Answer 11

Diorite

Question 12

most common extrusive igneous rock is *, a very dark green to black, finegrained volcanic rock composed primarily of pyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase feldspar.

Answer 12

basalt

Question 13

The coarse-grained, intrusive equivalent of basalt is *).

is not commonly exposed at the surface, but it makes up a significant percentage of the oceanic crust.

Answer 13

gabbro

Question 14

Examples of igneous rocks

Answer 14

Basalt, gabbro
Rhyolite, granite, obsidian
Andesite, diorite
Ulramafic, peridotite
Pumice, scoria

Question 15

the most common sedimentary rock, is made of very fine-grained sediment and composed mainly of clay minerals

Answer 15

Shale (mudstone)

Question 16

an abundant sedimentary rock, is composed chiefly of the mineral calcite (CaCO3)

Answer 16

Limestone

Question 17

Nearly 90 percent of * is formed from biochemical sediments secreted by marine organisms, and the remaining amount consists of chemical sediments that precipitated directly from seawater.

Answer 17

Limestone

Question 18

Type of limestone that is a soft, porous rock made up almost entirely of the hard parts of microscopic organisms that are no larger than the head of a pin.

Answer 18

Chalk

Question 19

In contrast to sedimentary rocks that are calcite or silica rich, * consists mostly of organic matter. Because * is produced by biochemical activity and contains organic matter, it is often classified as a biochemical, or organic, rock.

Answer 19

coal

Question 20

These layers, called *, are the single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks

Answer 20

strata, or beds

Question 21

• are produced from preexisting igneous, sedimentary, or even other metamorphic rocks (Figure 2.29). Thus, every * rock has a parent rock—the rock from which it was formed.

Answer 21

Metamorphic rocks

Question 22

under low-grade metamorphism, the common sedimentary rock shale becomes the more compact metamorphic rock *

Answer 22

slate

Question 23

Pr: shale, mudstone or siltstone

Answer 23

Slate, Phylitte, Schist

Question 24

Pr: shale, granite or volcanic rocks

Answer 24

Gneiss

Question 25

Limestone or dolostone

Answer 25

Marble

Question 26

Quartz or sandstone

Answer 26

Quartzite

Question 27

• is a mineral’s ability to reflect light. The terms transparent, translucent, and opaque describe the degree to which a mineral can transmit light.

Answer 27

Luster