Rxk Flashcards
Olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite mica are the common of Earth’s crust.
dark silicate minerals
rich in iron and/or magnesium and are comparatively low in silica (SiO2).
Dark silicate
contain greater amounts of potassium, sodium, and calcium and are richer in silica
Light silicates
quartz, muscovite mica, and the most abundant mineral group, the feldspars
Light silicates
amphibole, pyroxene, and biotite mica, with the other dominant mineral being plagioclase feldspar
Andesitic
dense ferromagnesian minerals
Ultramafic
Although ultramafic rocks are rare at Earth’s surface, the rock * , which is composed mostly of the minerals olivine and pyroxene, is the main constituent of the upper mantle.
peridotite
coarse-grained igneous rock that forms where large masses of granitic magma slowly solidify at depth.
Granite
extrusive equivalent of granite
Rhyolite
- is a common type of volcanic glass.
Obsidian
the intrusive equivalent of andesite,
Diorite
most common extrusive igneous rock is *, a very dark green to black, finegrained volcanic rock composed primarily of pyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase feldspar.
basalt
The coarse-grained, intrusive equivalent of basalt is *).
is not commonly exposed at the surface, but it makes up a significant percentage of the oceanic crust.
gabbro
Examples of igneous rocks
Basalt, gabbro Rhyolite, granite, obsidian Andesite, diorite Ulramafic, peridotite Pumice, scoria
the most common sedimentary rock, is made of very fine-grained sediment and composed mainly of clay minerals
Shale (mudstone)
an abundant sedimentary rock, is composed chiefly of the mineral calcite (CaCO3)
Limestone
Nearly 90 percent of * is formed from biochemical sediments secreted by marine organisms, and the remaining amount consists of chemical sediments that precipitated directly from seawater.
Limestone
Type of limestone that is a soft, porous rock made up almost entirely of the hard parts of microscopic organisms that are no larger than the head of a pin.
Chalk
In contrast to sedimentary rocks that are calcite or silica rich, * consists mostly of organic matter. Because * is produced by biochemical activity and contains organic matter, it is often classified as a biochemical, or organic, rock.
coal
These layers, called *, are the single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks
strata, or beds
- are produced from preexisting igneous, sedimentary, or even other metamorphic rocks (Figure 2.29). Thus, every * rock has a parent rock—the rock from which it was formed.
Metamorphic rocks
under low-grade metamorphism, the common sedimentary rock shale becomes the more compact metamorphic rock *
slate
Pr: shale, mudstone or siltstone
Slate, Phylitte, Schist
Pr: shale, granite or volcanic rocks
Gneiss
Limestone or dolostone
Marble
Quartz or sandstone
Quartzite
- is a mineral’s ability to reflect light. The terms transparent, translucent, and opaque describe the degree to which a mineral can transmit light.
Luster
