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Question 1

the study of interactions among organisms and

between organisms and their environments

Answer 1

Ecology

Question 2

is a system formed by the interaction between a community of organisms and its physical environment.

Answer 2

ecosystem

Question 3

also called major life zone, the largest geographic biotic unit, a major community of plants and animals with similar life forms and environmental conditions (defined by climate)

Answer 3

Biome

Question 4

luxuriant forest found in wet tropical uplands and lowlands around the Equator; make up one of Earth’s largest biomes (major life zones), are dominated by broad leaved trees that form a dense upper canopy (layer of foliage) and contain a diverse array of vegetation and other life.
Flora is highly diverse (temp and humidity are high)

Answer 4

Tropical Rainforest

Question 5

filled with evergreen and laurel trees are lower and less dense than the other kinds of rainforests because the climate is more equitable, with a moderate temperature range and well-distributed annual rainfall.

Answer 5

Temperate Rain Forest

Question 6

biome of vegetation composed primarily of cone-bearing nedle-leaved or scale-leaved evergreen trees
(Land of the little sticks)

Answer 6

Temperate Coniferous/ Boreal Forest (Taiga)

Question 7

vegetation type that grows under hot, seasonally dry climatic conditions and is characterized by an open treecanopy (i.e., scattered trees) above a continuous tall grass understory (the vegetation layer between the forest canopy and the ground). Also, the world’s greatest assemblages of large mammals occur in the savanna biome.

Answer 7

Savanna

Question 8

Extensive * occur in Africa, South America, and northern Australia.

Answer 8

savannas

Question 9

Level or rolling grassland, especially that found in central North America

Answer 9

Temperate Grassland (Prairie)

Question 10

Prairie in Europe + Asia

Answer 10

Steppes

Question 11

a major zone of treeless level or rolling ground found in cold regions, mostly north of the Arctic Circle (Arctic tundra) or above the timberline on high mountains (alpine tundra).

Answer 11

Tundra (treeless plain)

Question 12

any large, extremely dry area of land with sparse vegetation. It is one of Earth’s major types of ecosystems, supporting a community of distinctive plants and animals specially adapted to the harsh environment. It is an environment, almost completely free of plants including regions too cold to support vegetation

Answer 12

Desert

Question 13

are dominated by trees that lose their leaves each year. They are found in areas with warm moist summers and cool winters.

Answer 13

Temperate deciduous forest

• spring
• summer
• autumn - change colors
• winter - lose leaves

Question 14

a group of interbreeding

individuals (species) occupying the same area at the same time.

Answer 14

Population

Question 15

all the different populations living together

Answer 15

Community

Question 16

an interaction that affects both species negatively (–/–), as when both species compete over food or other resources

Answer 16

Competition

Question 17

an interaction is one-sided, being detrimental to one species and neutral to the other

Answer 17

amensalism

Question 18

is an interaction in which both species benefit (+/+)

Answer 18

Mutualism

Question 19

benefits one species and leaves the other unaffected (+/0).

Answer 19

commensalism

Question 20

typically nonlethal and differs from predation in that the adult parasite typically lives and reproduces for long periods in or on the living host

Answer 20

Parasitism

Question 21

When one organism feeds on another but does not normally kill it outright, the organism is termed a * , and the prey, a *.

Answer 21

parasite, host

Question 22

an interaction between species in which one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
orchids or other epiphytes grow in forks of tropical trees

Answer 22

Commensalism

Question 23

the movement of energy through an ecosystem.

Answer 23

Energy flow

Question 24

all of the interactions of a species with the other members of its community, including competition, predation, parasitism, and mutualism.

• ecological role

Answer 24

niche

Question 25

linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms and ending at apex predator species, detritivores, or decomposer species

Answer 25

food chain

Question 26

harvest light or chemical energy and store

that energy in carbon compounds

Answer 26

Autotrophs

Question 27

Organisms in trophic levels above the primary producers are termed *. These organisms must consume organic molecules from their environment to sustain life and thus receive their nutrition by feeding on other organisms

Answer 27

heterotrophs

Question 28

Organisms that eat primary consumers are *

Answer 28

secondary consumers.

Question 29

Organisms that feed on secondary consumers are *

Answer 29

tertiary consumers

Question 30

energy enters a food chain through * via photosynthesis and is passed up the food chain to

Answer 30

producers - primary - secondary - tertiary consumers

Question 31

Dead remains of animals, plants and waste products

Answer 31

detritus

Question 32

Consumers that get their energy from detritus are called

Answer 32

detritivores

Question 33

eat only other animals after they are already killed / vultures, hyenas/

Answer 33

scavengers

Question 34

/bacteria and fungi/ that cause decay at a microscopic level. They release enzymes onto the dead animal/ plant, breaking down complex compounds into soluble ones.

Answer 34

saprophytes

Question 35

‘recycle’ dead organisms and waste (feces) into non living elements by turning it into chemicals (N, C). They do not ingest their food but live by absorbing it on a molecular scale

Answer 35

decomposers

Question 36

a pathway by which a chemical substance moves through biotic and abiotic compartments of Earth.

Answer 36

Biogeochemical Cycles

Question 37

one giant interconnected ecosystem

Answer 37

biosphere

Question 38

The process by which elevated nutrient levels lead to an overgrowth of algae and the subsequent depletion of water oxygen concentrations is known as

Answer 38

eutrophication

Question 39

The Earth’s * is the main storehouse for this element. Weathering and erosion of rocks release phosphorus into the soil. Plants have the metabolic means to absorb dissolved ionized forms of phosphorus, the most important of which occurs as * (HPO42– or H2PO4–). Herbivores obtain their phosphorus only from eating *, and carnivores obtain it by eating *. When plants and animals excrete wastes or die, the phosphorus becomes available to *, which release it back to the soil.

Answer 39

Crust, phosphate, plants, herbivores, detritivores

Phosphorus Cycle

Question 40

*, primarily plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, acquire CO2 from the atmosphere or water and incorporate it into the organic matter of their own biomass via *. Each year, plants, algae, and cyanobacteria remove approximately * of the CO2 from the atmosphere. At the same time, respiration and the decomposition of plants recycle a similar amount of carbon back into the atmosphere as CO2. Much material from primary producers is also transformed into deposits of coal, gas, and oil, which are collectively known as *.

Answer 40

Autotrophs, photosynthesis, one-seventh, fossil fuels

Question 41

Atmospheric N2 is converted into inorganic nitrogen compounds that can be used by other organisms. The bacteria (Rhizobia) that fix nitrogen are fulfilling their own metabolic needs, but in the process, they release ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+), which can be used by some plants.

Answer 41

Nitrogen fixation

Question 42

In the process of * , soil bacteria transforms ammonia, convert NH3 or NH4 +, to nitrate (NO3 –), a form of nitrogen commonly used by plants.

Answer 42

nitrification

Question 43

• is the process by which inorganic substances are incorporated into organic molecules. Organisms assimilate nitrogen by taking up the NH3, NH4+, and NO3– formed through nitrogen fixation and nitrification and incorporating them into other molecules. Plant roots take up these forms of nitrogen through their roots, and animals assimilate nitrogen from plant tissue, converting them into their own body compounds.

Answer 43

Assimilation

Question 44

The remains of living things and their waste products are decomposed by microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) in the process of * - the conversion of organic nitrogen to NH3 and NH4 +.

Answer 44

ammonification

Question 45

• is the reduction of NO3– to N2. * bacteria, which are anaerobic and use NO3 – in their metabolism instead of O2, perform the reverse of their nitrogen-fixing counterparts by delivering N2 to the atmosphere.

Answer 45

Denitrification

Question 46

This cycle is a physical process fueled by the Sun’s energy which causes * of water from the ocean and * from the land. This is followed by the * of water vapor into clouds and * .

Answer 46

Hydrological cycle, evaporation, evapotranspiration, condensation, precipitation