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Earth Science > Earthquake > Flashcards

Earthquake Flashcards

1
Q

Fractures in earth’s surface

A

Faults

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2
Q

Location where slippage begins

A

Hypocenter or focus

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3
Q

Point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus or hypocenter

A

Epicenter

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4
Q

States that large slabs of Earth’s lithosphere are continually grinding past each other

A

Plate tectonics

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5
Q

Earth’s strongest earthquakes most often occur in

A

Convergent plate boundaries

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6
Q

Plate boundary between a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere and an overlying continental plate

A

Megathrust fault

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7
Q

Faults in which the dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel to the direction of fault trace

A

Strike-slip faults

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8
Q

Instrument that makes a record of seismic waves

A

Seismograph or seismometer

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9
Q

Records obtained from seismograph

A

Seismogram

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10
Q

Earthquakes generate four principal types of elastic waves

  • 2
  • 2
A

Body waves - travel within the earth

Surface waves - travel along its surface

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11
Q

Body waves are further divided into

A 
P waves (primary waves)
S waves (secondary waves)
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12
Q

*back and forth motion in the direction of the path of propagation, stretching or compressing the medium as the wave passes any point

A

P waves (compressional or longitudinal)

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13
Q

*move back and forth perpendicular to the direction of propagation

The medium is sheared first in one direction and then in another

A

S waves (shear waves)

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14
Q

P waves temporarily change the * of material while S waves change the * of the material that transmits them

A

Volume

Shape

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15
Q
  • travel faster and it moves the ground from side to side

Displacement of the medium is entirely perpendicular to the direction of propagation and has no vertical or longitudinal components

Produce entirely horizontal motion

A

Love waves

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16
Q

Their motion is a combination of longitudinal compression and dilation that results in an elliptical motion of points on the surface

Rolls the ground: moves the ground up and down and side to side

A

Rayleigh waves

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17
Q

Arrange the waves in order of arrival and increasing amplitude (power/damage)

A

P - S - Love - Rayleigh

P: 70% faster than S waves
S: 10% faster than surface waves

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18
Q

Zone of greatest seismic activity

A

Circum-Pacific Belt

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19
Q

Circumpacific belt encompasses the coastal region of

A

Chile, Central America, Indonesia, Japan, Alaska

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20
Q

Measures the intensity of an earthquake through *

A

Modified Mercalli Scale

Damage

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21
Q

Measures the magnitude of earthquake through *

A

Richter scale

Energy released

22
Q

Tsunamis are generated by displacement along a * fault that suddenly lifts a large slab of sea floor

A

Megathrust fault

23
Q

Changes in shape, position, or orientation of a rock mass

A

Deformation

24
Q

The chemical bonds of the minerals within a rock are stretched but do not break

*first response

A

Elastic deformation

25
Q

Once the elastic limit (strength) is surpassed, it either flows * or fractures *

A

Ductile deformation

Brittle deformation

26
Q

Rock near the surface where temperatures and confining pressures are low exhibit…

A

Brittle deformation

27
Q

At depth, where temperatures and confining pressures are high, rocks exhibit…

A

Ductile deformation

28
Q

Flat-lying sedimentary and volcanic rocks are often bent into a series of wavelike undulations called *

Mostly caused by * that result in the shortening and thickening if thrust

A

Folds

Compressional forces

29
Q

Upfold (arrching of sedimentary layers)

A

Anticlines

30
Q

Downfolds or troughs

A

Synclines

31
Q

In anticline, * is found in Center

In syncline , * is found in center

A

Oldest strata

Youngest

32
Q

Structures with approximately circular or slightly elongate, closed outcrop patterns

  • convex upward
  • concave upward
A

Domes and basins

Dome convex
Basin concave

33
Q

Large, step-like folds in otherwise horizontal sedimentary strata

A

Monoclines

34
Q

Upper or overlying block

Block below

A

Hanging wall

Footwall

35
Q

Dipslip faults where the hanging wall block moves down relative to the footwall block

A

Normal faults

36
Q

A block that has dropped relatively downward between two normal faults dipping toward each other

A

Graben

37
Q

Block that has been relatively uplifted between two normal faults that dip away from each other

A

Horst

38
Q

Dipslip faults in which the hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall block

A

Reverse fault

39
Q

Normal faults occur in * environments, reverse faults result from strong *

A

Tensional ~ lengthening Of Earth’s crust

Strong compressional forces - shortening or contraction of Earth’s crust

40
Q

Reverse faults that dip less than 45 degrees

A

Thrust faults

41
Q

Thrust faults with very low angle of dip and very large displacement

A

Overthrust

42
Q

Fault in which the dominant displacement is horizontal and parallel to the strike of the fault surface

*horizontal compression

A

Strike-slip fault

43
Q

Example of strike slip faut

A

San Andreas Fault

44
Q

Fractures along which no appreciable displacement has occurred

A

Joints

45
Q

Mountain building

*plate boundary

A

Orogenesis

Convergent

46
Q

Main driving force of orogenesis

A

Subduction of oceanic lithosphere

47
Q

Oceanic lithosphere subducts beneath an oceanic plate

A

Volcanic island arc

48
Q

Subduction beneath a continental block

A

Continental volcanic arc

49
Q

Chaotic accumulation of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with occasional scraps of ocean crust

A

Accretionary wedge

50
Q

Relatively small crustal fragment which may be accreted to continents when subduction brings them to trench

A

Terranez

51
Q

Himalayas and Appalachians were formed by

A

The collision of landmasses formerly separated by now-subducted ocean basins

Earth Science (9 decks)

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