Russification Under A3

Question 1

What were pogroms? How many occurred between 1881-1905? How many people were killed in Odessa?

Answer 1

• Coordinated attacks on Jewish people, often state organised.
• Involved mobs robbing, raping and even murdering people in Jewish areas.
• Increased in number under A3.
• There wee 215 attacks on Jewish people and property between 1881-1905, culminating in Odessa when 500 people were killed.
• Anti-semitism was common in government, and in wider society they were used as scapegoats to vent public frustration.
• Many Jews joined revolutionary groups.

Question 2

What was the basic idea of Russification?

Answer 2

• Creating a sense of Russian-ness across the empire.

Question 3

How was Russification enforced?

Answer 3

• Forcing ethnic groups to accept Russian language, culture, custom and religion.
• Russian officials brought in to run regional governments.

Question 4

Who was determined to spread the Orthodox Church? How was this done?

Answer 4

• Pobedenostev.
• He built Orthodox cathedrals and churches all over the empire.

Question 5

How many Muslim Tartars were forcefully converted to Christianity?

Answer 5

• Over 100,000.
• Many reverted back to Islam.

Question 6

Within which groups was there particular resentment to Russification under A3?

Answer 6

• Wealthy and educated Poles, Finns and Baltic Germans.
• Many of these groups continued secret publication of revolutionary literature and set up groups in their native languages.

Question 7

What events occurred in Poland during Russification under A3?

Answer 7

• Banning of the Polish language in schools and colleges.
• Polish National Bank closed.
• Polish banned in railway stations.
• Led many Poles into revolutionary groups.

Question 8

How many cases of mass disturbance were there in 1888?

Answer 8

• 322 cases of mass disturbances across 62/92 provinces.

Question 9

How did Russification alienate previously loyal groups?

Answer 9

• No distinction in the treatment of previously loyal/oppositional minority groups.
• Many resented changes e.g Finns who saw their parliament weakened, their postal service abolished and the use of Russian coins.

Question 10

Growing nationalism in which country encouraged Russification?

Answer 10

• Germany.