A3 Reaction And Reform Flashcards
Who replaced Bunge? When?
Vyshnegradsky. 1887.
How did Vyshnegradsky encourage migration to Siberia?
He offered financial incentives. Reduced pressure on the land but did not prevent the famine in 1891.
How did A3 counter-reform education?
- Primary schools under zemstvo control were put under church control by Pobedonostev.
- Restrictions put in place to ensure that peasants and workers did not have secondary schools.
- Universities were singled out for strict government control.
- Fees were increased to exclude all but the very wealthy from secondary schools and universities.
- Courses for women were closed.
- University Statute 1884 - Universities lost their self-government and came under government control.
- 1889 - All universities temporarily closed because of student demonstrations against government control.
How did Vyshnegradsky aim to tackle Russia’s financial problems?
- He began to finance Russias economic development by taking out large loans from Britain and France.
- He pumped this money into the economy and tried to keep taxes low.
- He raised import tariffs and massively increased exports
How was censorship counter-reformed?
- Press freedom was severely restricted, with fourteen major newspapers being banned between 1882 - 1889 for displaying liberal tendencies.
- Foreign books and newspapers were also rigorously censored by the Okhrana in order to prevent dangerous foreign ideas such as democracy facing the Russian people.
What was life like for Jewish people under A3?
- Increase in the number of organised attacks on Jews.
- Pogroms would involve mobs going to Jewish areas to beat, rob, rape and even kill Jews.
- Many were government organised events.
Who highly influenced A3’s conservatism?
Pobedonostev - A3’s tutor. He was a true conservative and thought up ideas such as Russification, he wanted to maintain tsarist tradition.
Who was the first finance minister under A3? What did he do?
- Nikolai Bunge.
- In 1882 he introduced laws to reduce the tax burden on peasants. He also established the Peasant’s Land Bank which offered loan facilities to help peasants increase the size of their landholdings.
What was Russification?
- Insistence on the use of the Russian language for all official documents, procedures etc.
- All other languages were forbidden in schools.
What effect did a growing population have on the land?
Growing numbers of peasants who received smaller allocations, therefore produced less food to feed themselves.
What role was created in 1889 to enforce local laws and replace the elected JPs?
- Land Captains.
- Members of the landed classes, directly appointed by the Minister of the Interior.
What changed about the role of the Land Captain in 1890?
- They were made part of the zemstvo.
- Also, the votes to the zemstvo were now even more restricted to the landed classes.
- Doctors and teachers could no longer vote.
How had A3 solidified his autocracy?
- Strengthened the political influence of the landed classes and the church who were his major support bases.
What did A3 say about his father’s reforms?
That they were ‘ill-advised, tantamount to revolution and pushing Russia on to the wrong road’. He believed that the reforms, combined with Western ideas, had resulted in his father’s assassination.
What did the Statue of State Security (1881) do?
It gave the government emergency powers to:
- prohibit gatherings of more than 12 people.
- prosecute any individual for political crimes.
- introduce emergency police rule where public order was threatened.
- set up special courts outside the legal system.
- close schools, universities and newspapers.
