RUSSIFICATION

Question 1

Counter-Reforms: Education

Answer 1

1882-86 - Women’s higher education gradually stopped

1897 - 21% of population were literate

Question 2

Counter-Reforms: Judiciary

Answer 2

1885 - Decree provided for the Minister of Justice to exercise greater control
1887 - ‘closed court sessions’
1889 - Volost courts under control of land captains

Question 3

Land Captains

Answer 3

July 1889
-Had power to override elections to zemstvo
-Responsible for law enforcement in countryside
-Could ignore normal judicial process
1890- Elections to zemstvo reduced peasants’ vote
June 1892 - Electorate reduced to owners of property above a certain value

Question 4

Police Department

Answer 4

1881-84 - Vyacheslav von Plehve 
1884 - Pyotr Durnovo
- Number of police increased
- Drive to recruit spies and counter-spies 
OKHRANA - 'secret police'

Question 5

Counter-Reforms: Censorship

Answer 5

1882 - ‘Temporary regulations’ Allowed newspapers to be closed down

Question 6

Economy

Answer 6

NIKOLAY BUNGE:
May 1881 - Law reduced redemption fees payable
1883 - Peasants’ Land Banks
May 1885 - Abolition of poll tax + introduction of inheritance tax

Question 7

National Minorities

Answer 7

1892 - Finland parliament reorganised to weaken political influence
1885 - Polish National Bank closed
- All subjects taught in Russian

Question 8

Religion

Answer 8

Members of non-Orthodox churches not allowed to build new places of worship
-332 cases of mass disturbances in 61/92 provinces
-increased anti-Semitism
“Beat the Yids - save Russia”
1881-84: JEWISH POGRAMS co-ordinated by “Holy League” organisation

Question 9

Opposition Groups

Answer 9

-Westernisers
-Slavophiles
-Radical Thinkers - Chernyshevsky
-Tchaikovsky Circle
-Narodniks (Populists) - ‘going to the people’
-‘Land and Liberty’
In 1879, split into Black Repartition and The Peoples’ Will

Question 10

When was the famine

Answer 10

1892-1892

Question 11

Ministers of Finance

Answer 11

1862-78 - Mikhail von Reutern
1881-86 - Nikolay Bunge
1887-92 - Ivan Vyshnegradsky
1892-1903 - Sergei Witte