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History A level > Russian Revolution: What were the causes and outcomes of the 1905 Revolution up to 1914? > Flashcards

Russian Revolution: What were the causes and outcomes of the 1905 Revolution up to 1914? Flashcards

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1
Q

size and population of Russia

A

22 million square kilometres

1815-1914: population went from 40 to 165 milion

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2
Q

Causes of 1905 Revolution - 7

A

-Bloody Sunday
-Russo-Japanese War
-the peasant problem
-economic discontent
-reform problems
-extremism and repr
-agriculture issues

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3
Q

Extremism&Repression

A

Repression
-government censorship -> liberal ideas still existed

-liberals WANTED reforms NOT destroying Russian Regime

Extremism
-denials of free speech -> extremism
e.g: 1881 Alexander ll killed by bomb

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4
Q

The orthodox church

A

-supported the tsar
-deeply conservative -opposed political
change
-some priests sympathised with revolutionaries
-church taught people to be loyal to the Tsar(God’s annointed)

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5
Q

Initial Russian Economy

A

-slow in economic development

-low number of urban workers -> showed russia had not achieved industrialisation

-no effective banking system -> hard to borrow and invest money -> low output

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6
Q

Agriculture

A

-land was too north -> not suitable climate

-too many peasants -> to little fertile land

->although serfs entitled to buy land (after emancipation of serfs) -> prices were too high

->peasants could take loans from government-> would take too long to pay off

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7
Q

Peasant Problem

A

80% of population peasants->governing elite believed they (the ‘dark masses) could only be governed through repression ->scared of them undermining their privileges ->did not provide education for them

Significance -

not enough skilled labour

terrible living standards

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8
Q

Russian Army - Facts and Weaknesses

A
  • large army 1.5 mill men in service

-way to keep the dark masses in check - by recruiting them

-notorious for horrible living conditions and severity of discipline

Weaknesses:
-higher ranks reserved for aristocracy
-45% spending went to army vs 5% education
-Commissions were bought and sold so there was little
room for promotion on merit.

=> weakened army strength

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9
Q

The Bureocracy

A

-most corruption
-used its power to tax people and use them
-law, government, militia in the hands of the bureocrats

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10
Q

The Reform Problem -Oobstacles to reform, local government reform, legal reform

A

Obstacles to reform

-disagreement within the governing elite over Russia’s true character as a nation

-autocratic structure-> change could only come from the top

->if one tsar was more progressive-> the next one could set back progress

Local Gov. Reform
-emancipation of serfs
-zemstvas - elevted rural councils
-mir- traditional village community

legal reforms- aimed to simpify court procedures whose delays led to corruption

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11
Q

Nicholas reaction to 1905: Russification - its failings

A

-restricting influence of non-russian national minorities by emphasizing superiority of russian things

-1890’s : state interference in minorities education, religion, culture

Failings:
-ill judged because russia needed unity to develop

-persecution of 5 mill jews caused many to flee and increased anti-tsarist movements

-Jews formed their own revolutionary union ‘the Jewish Bund’

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12
Q

Nicholas reaction to 1905: Anti Semitism

A

-600 new measurs adopted to impose social, political and economic restrictions on jews
-Russian nationalists ‘the black hundreds’ attacked jews

-no of pogroms(attacks) increased sharply

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13
Q

Witte Economic Reforms 1893-1903
-The Great Spurt

A

-increase in output of coal and oil

-done in military interest

-witte used foreign experts to advise on industrial planning

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14
Q

Witte Economic Reforms 1893-1903
-State Capitalism

A

-witte negotiated large loans and investments from abroad

-encouraged inflow of foreign capital and restricted imports

-adopted gold standard-> created stability and international investment

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15
Q

Witte Economic Reforms 1893-1903 - Railway Development

A

-most foreign capital invested in railways

-trans-siberian railway project

-encouraged labour mobility -> lower unemployment

-boost exports and foreign trade

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16
Q

Witte Economic Reforms 1893-1903
-Results and Problems

A

Results - economic growts
-catching up with foreign powers

Problems:

-made russia too dependent on foreign loans

-neglected the agricultural needs

-negelcted areas such as light engineering

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17
Q

Opponents to Tsardom - Populists

A

-believed Russia’s future was in the hands of the peasants

-some turned to terrorism - the people’s will

-go to countryside to educate peasants on political matters
-killed Alexander II -> made tsar even more repressive

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18
Q

Opponents to Tsardom - Social Revolutionaries

A

-wanted the end of tsardom

-believed in the urban workers

-split into right and left SR’s

-Left SR - terrorists

-Right SR - revolutionaries willing to work with other parties

-largest popular following

-internal disagreements weakened them

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19
Q

Opponents to Tsardom - Social Democrats

A

-aimed to acheive revolution through marxist ideas

-marx predicted that the proletariat would rise against bosses

-split into bolsheviks and mensheviks

20
Q

Bolshevik - Menshevik Split

A

SD split in 1903
Mensheviks wanted large broad party, Bolsheviks wanted small tight-knight group

-became 2 conflicting marxist parties

21
Q

Opponents to Tsardom - Liberals

A

Kadets-progressive landlords and entrepreneurs

-most outspoken in dumas

-wanted ending of censorship, trade unions, equality civil rights etc

Octobrists-moderates loyal to the Tsar

-created as a result of october manifesto

-voiced criticisms of tsar but did not want to overthrow system

The Union of Liberation

22
Q

Russo - Japanese War - CAUSES, OUTCOME, REASONS FOR DEFEAT

A

Causes
-Russian Expansionism
-Need for ice-free port
-to distract from home problems

Outcome
-Loss of manchuria, Korea and Port Arthur

Reasons for defeat
-underestimated japan
-poor strategy
-japan’s readiness, skill and spirit

23
Q

Bloody Sunday events and causes

A

-Father Gapon wished to lead a peaceful march at the Winter Palace
-Marchers were fired on and charged by cavalry
-Over 200 deaths

Causes:
-Father Gapon wanted a peacefull march to present to Tsar
-horrible working conditions and wages
-guards were cossacks->russians might have reacted differently
-background of peasentry issues, russo japanese war

24
Q

Bloody Sunday Significance

A

-destroyed nicholas’s reputation -cold blooded murder

-widespread strikes and terrorism against gov officials

-minorities demanded independence

25
Q

Potemkin Mutiny

A

-crew of battleship mutinied at sea ->killed officers and took over the ship

  • went to odessa where strikes were taking place->thousands killed
26
Q

August Manifesto

A

-tring to appease
-promised a state assembly with elected representatives
-limited concessions
-> brought even more disorder

27
Q

October Manifesto

A

only promised:
-legislative duma
-freedom of speech,assembly and worship
-right of political parties to exist
-legalisingtrade unions

28
Q

Fundamental Laws

A

restates tsar’s absolute power
showed october manifesto were mainly empty words

only kept legislative duma

every law needed tsars approval

duma could be dissolved at any time

29
Q

To what extent did the government recover after 1905?

A

biggest threat to Tsarism ( the working-class militancy and the soviets) had been crushed
- won the support of a section of the educated middle-class (the Octobrists)
- divided opposition
- The armed forces, the nobility and the Orthodox Church had (for the most part) remained loyal
- Terrorist groups had rallied to Tsarism’s defense: the Union of Russian People and the Black Hundreds
- sign of its renewed confidence was the ruthlessness with which the Moscow Uprising was put down

Not fully Recovered:
- Duma with a role in law-making process diluted the autocratic principle
- peasant disorder remained high.
- authorities not in full control of large parts of rural Russia
- continuing problems with national minorities (Poles)

30
Q

Why did the Tar survive the 1905 revolution?

A

-support of army
-support of churches
-protestors disunited and inexperienced

31
Q

How significant the the Russian Revolution was the 1905 Revolution

A

-witte and stolypin structural changes
-dumas
-first challenge to tsardom

32
Q

Stolypin Land Reform-De-revolutionising the Peasantry

A

-cancelled repayments for land mortgages

33
Q

Stolypin Land Reform - The Wager on the Strong

A

-abandoned inefficient strip system

-peasant groupings discouraged and incentives for individual farming
-Land bank -provided funds for independent peasants
-schemes for large-scale voluntary ressetlment of peansants created

34
Q

Stolypin Land Reform - Issues and Difficulties

A

-needed 20 years for policies to show results

-strip system still wide spread

-atolypins nectie -hanged revolutionaries more than 3000 -> very repressive

-other ministers and even tsar lost faith

35
Q

The Industrial Front

A

1908-1914- increase in industrial output of 8.5%

workers not paid well at all

weak trade unions and minimal protection for workers

large number of strikes pre 1914, and general srike of 1914 showed disatisfaction of workers

36
Q

The First Duma, April To June 1906

A

France gave big loan to russia
-> duma couldnt exercise financial control over government

->duma split into 2 -elected lower house and tsar appointed council that could veto

37
Q

Vyborg Appeal

A

-duma members became radical and increased demands for rights of duma

-tsar dissolved duma as response

-kadets and labourists created the appeal for all people to defy gov (stop paying taxes e.g)

-people reacted violenty

-vyborg group arrested and disallowed for re-ellections

38
Q

Repression Under Stolypin

A

-martial law proclaimed
-distrubance put down by military courts
-1906-1911 over 2500 executions

39
Q

4.10. The Second Duma, February To
June 1907

A

radical and anti-government

stolypin’s land project rejected

criticised imperial army -> duma dissolved

40
Q

Stolypin’s Liaison with the Dumas - third duma

A

understanding with octobrists that allowed him to pursue reforms without obstruction

41
Q

. The Third Duma, November 1907
To June 1912

A

dumas continued because

-to keep russia’s image as democratic nation

-becam dominated by right wings -> less criticism towards tsar

DUMA PASSED SOCIAL REFORMS LIKE CHOOLS FOR THE POOR AND NATIONAL INSURANCE FOR INDUSTRIAL WORKERS

42
Q

The Fourth Duma 1912 To August
1914

A

CRITICISE TSAR, BUT LESS OPENLY THAN FIRST TWO

43
Q

How much did the dumas achieve?

A

First time limiting Tsarist power
Long term success of 1905 revolution
Third and fourth duma achieved social refom -> showed if duma had more time it would have been influential

BUT ACHIEVED LITTLE:
just a ‘talking shop’ – a body that said a lot but did very little
Everytime duma opposed Tar, the duma was cancelled -> could not achieve much -> could not gain enough popular support to gain power
Liaison with the dumas- just a way for Stolypin to push his ideas through -> worked with octobrists
Dvisions between socialists and Octobrists in fourth duma

44
Q

Repression and disorder in 1914 - Causes

A
  • after Stolypin’s assasination -> ministers were incompetent

-recessions caused unemployment

-increase in strikes from 24 (1911) to 2401 (1914)

45
Q

Lena Goldfelds Incident - 1912 - Events, Causes, Significance

A

Lena gold miners demanded better pay and working conditions

employers resistedd and reported them to police

police killed large number of miners

-> tsar had learnt nothing from bloody sunday

46
Q

General strike of 1914 - Events, Causes Significance

A

July 1914 - strike paralysed st petersburg

very violent because police got involved

many in duma supported strikers

only stopped because of the first world war

47
Q

Outbreak of War - Nicholas ll stregths 1914

A

-october mnifesto appeased revolutionaries without weakening his authority

-dumas never became a real threat

-liberals would not openly criticise tsar

-revolutianry parties to weak to cause threat

large potential for economic growth -railways and industry and agriculture

tsar thought only 1/5 people oppoed his rule

History A level (8 decks)

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