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History A level > German Unification: What were the causes of the Revolutions in Germany in 1848-1849? > Flashcards

German Unification: What were the causes of the Revolutions in Germany in 1848-1849? Flashcards

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1
Q

Prussia before 1815

A

-dvided into 214 states
-prussia was only state with power from roman empire
-part of the roman empire until 1806

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2
Q

Prussia before 1815 : Confederation of the Rhine

A

-napoleon’s impact
-Bavaria, saxony Baden and 14 other states
-different laws in each state
-under direct french control

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3
Q

Prussia before 1815: Prussia 1806-1813

A

-army was re-organised
-government was rebuit
-new system of education introduced

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4
Q

Prussia before 1815: The War Liberation - 1813

A

Prussia allied with Russia agains France
Austria defeats France - Battle of Leipzig
Allies invade France - forced Napoleon to abdicate

= fueled naitonalism

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5
Q

Congress of Vienna: Austrian Gains vs Prussian Gains

A

Austrian Gains:
-Secured Lombardy and Venetia
-Austrian rulers restored in Parma Moderna and Tuscany

Prussian Gains:
-Part of Saxony Rhineland and other territiories gained
-Rhineland Brought issues:

Protestants versus Catholics

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6
Q

Metternich’s influence at Vienna

A

-Austria’s political influece greater than Prussia
-Metternich aimed to maintain traditional Austrian authority over German States
-his negotiation ensured Germany remained loose confederation of States under Austrian control

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7
Q

The German Confederation and Bundestag

A

-39 states
-aim: maintaing security, integrity and independence of individual states

Diet(Bundestag)
- only executive body
- ineffective- representatives more worried about their own states rather than working together for the Confederation

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8
Q

Weaknesses of the German Confederation

A

-had very little control over the states:
could only prevent them from making dangerous foreign alliances or conclude peace agreements in the case of war

-jealousies and rivalries between states - meant nothing was done to unify the Confederation

-it was seen like a continuation of the Holy Roman Empire- had no place in the age of emergent nation-states

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9
Q

Reform and Repression: German Constitutions

A

Article on the Federal Act : each state should sooner or later give his subjts a constituion
- some ignored it, north states agreed to meet , south and centre complied
-some states had power to make laws and control taxation and small amount of people could vote for assemblies represantives

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10
Q

Reform and Repression: Developments In Austria and Prussia

A

Austria
-old provincial Diets revived - still odminated by local aristocracy
-remained inefficient police state, aristocracy retained privileges
-bankrupt and chaotically administered - in need of reform

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11
Q

Reform and Repression: Monarchical Rule

A

-most German rulers clung to their absolute power

-however bureocracies gained strength and better organised
->active in economics law and education
-> ensured best education in Germany

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12
Q

Reform and Repression: Influence of Metternich

A

-believed maintenance of international peace was linke with prevention of revolution in individual states

-had to defend against forced of destructi -liberalism and nationalism

-believed they could lead to an ned of the Austriam empire

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13
Q

Reform and Repression: German Liberalism and Nationalism

A

liberals - well educated middle class

WANTED:
-parliamentary rule
-freedom of speech
-freedom of press
-freedom of worship
-freedom to form political associations and hold political meetings
-a united Germany

Nationalism - wanted strong united German states
-rose from resentment of French influence-> nationalism decreased at end of French rule

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14
Q

Reform and Repression: Student Movements

A

-young middle - upper class german jined student societies
-campaigned for united germany and aboliton of absolutist governments
-500 students: Converted Wartburg Festival into a demonstration against princes

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15
Q

Carlbad Decrees -1819

A

-result of students assasinating monarchist playright Kotzebue

  • provided inspectors for universities
  • network of secret agents
  • police opened mail, searched homes and spied
  • disbanded student societies
  • censored press
  • the commision investigated revolutionary movements

=leaders and professors imprisoned

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16
Q

Congress of Troppau -1820

A

-formed Holy Alliance : Russia, Prussia and Austria

  • agrred to act jointly with force to restore any government that would be overthrown by violent action

-they ‘would never recognise the rights of a people to restrict the powers of their king’ -> directly against what nationalists and liberals wanted

17
Q

Six Articles -1830 -3

A

-limited rights of diets in constitutional states
-reinforced authorty of rulers
-allowed confederation laws to dominate over individual state law -> limiting individual states ability to pass liberal ideas

18
Q

Ten Articles - 1832-1

A

-July 5th 1832
-prohibited unorganised poltical orgainsations, meetings, appeals and festivals

19
Q

Repression in the 1820’s -correspondance

A

-special office to open copy and reseal foreign correspondance -> gave Metternich huge amounts of information

LIMITATIONS TO REPRESSION
-severity of press censorship and repression DEPENDED FROM STATE TO STATE

20
Q

Liberal Reform in the 1830’s

A

-demanded a constitution or a liberalisation of existing constitution :

EVENTS:
-Brunswick: Duke driven out, and successor force to grant more liberal constitution

-Saxony and Hesse - Cassel -> more liberal constitutions obtained

  • Bavaria, Baden and Wurttemberg - liberal parties gained parliamentary seats: greater freedom of press and allowed criticism of government

-Hanover granted constitution in 1832

21
Q

Growth of German nationalism in 1830’s - Hambach , Young Germany , rising

A

30 000 people at Hambach festival met, listened to nationalist orators and some planned revolution, waived german flags and toasted that power should lie with the people

= Six articles

1833 - students attacked Bundestag

Young Germany - movement dedicated to establishing a united Germany

22
Q

The Prussian Customs Union

A

workers wanted high protective tarrifs
-Tariff reform Law replaced internal custom duties with tariff at prussian fronteer

did not want high tariffs as they would result in tariff war and smuggling

IMPACTS:
more states joined
finance ministers believed by removing duties HE WAS REMOVING POLITICAL DISUNITY

23
Q

The Zollverein

A

1834 - 18 initial states part of it -25 in 2 years
-abolished internal customs barriers
-unified currency and systems of weights between states
-organised by zollverein congress

SMALL DIFFICULTY
-all states had veto right -> hard to reach decisions

24
Q

The Zollverein : Austrian Isolation

A

-austria was protectionist -did not want to reduce their import duties

25
Q

Railway development

A

1835-6 km ———> 1846 -1100km

IMPACT:
-cheaper to ransport goods
-encourafed economic activity by creating demand for raw materials
-contributed to breakdown of local and regional barriers
-tremendous demand for iron and steal and encourafed coal production -the Ruhr area

26
Q

Growth of Nationalism 1840-1848: 1840 Crisis

A

possible that France would invade -> generated much nationalistic feeling in the face of a threat from the ‘old enemy’

27
Q

Growth of Nationalism 1840-1848: Schleswig and Holstein

A

Schleswig -half german speaking half danish speaking -NOT MEMBER OF CONFEDERATION

Holstein - mostly German Speaking ->one of the confederation’ s member’s states

Danish King wanted to annex the duchies
Bavarian austrian and Prussian leaders spoke against it -> did not happen

NATIONALIST FEELING GRew

28
Q

Growth of Liberalism: South Western States

A

Baden got relaxation of press censorship and redorms of the police and judicial system
and more changes of policies and liveralisation in Bavaria and Hesse Darmstadt

29
Q

Growth of Liberalism: Developments in Prussia

A

Frederick William IV
INITIALLY
-released many political prisoners
-relaxed censorship
-1842 arranged for Prussian provincial diets to elect represemmtatives to meet as advisory body temporarily

LATER - attacked from left and right and Junkers

-reimposed press censorhsip and later dissolved diet

30
Q

Growth of Liberalism: German Newspapers

A

-politcal debate grew
-public opinion grew
-more books published
-newspapers and political journal flourished - die Deutsche Zeitung

31
Q

Growth of Liberalism: The Hippenhelm meeting -1847

A

DEMANDED
-elected national assembly
-liberation of the press
-open judicial proceedings with juries
-end of feudal restrictions
-creation of natioonal guward
-tax reform

32
Q

Causes of the 1848 revolution (6)

A

-Economic and Social Issues
-The Metternich System
-Emergence of middle class
-Nationalism
-Liberalism
-Zollverein

33
Q

Causes of the 1848 revolution: Economic and Social Issues

A

-resentment against system grew
-population grew ->pressure on agriculture
-> industrialisation -> more jobs but worse working conditions
->proces increased -> inflation -> famine and horrible ling conditions
-> improvement in technology - especially textiles- > hgiher unemployment

-working conditions - long working hours, exploitation of women and children,decrease in wages

-poor harvests in corn and potato blight - famine ->unrest

IMPACT:
INCREASED UNREST AND DISCONTENT AMOGNST WORKERS AND PEASANTS - NATIONALISTS AND LIBERALS USED THER ANGER FOR REVOLUTIN -> finally masses united enough -> finally large numbers

34
Q

Causes of the 1848 revolution :
-The Metternich System

A

-DROVE RADICAL THOUGHT UNDERGROUND - DID NOT DESTROY IT

-DEVELOPMENT OF ART AND CULTURE - INCREASE NATIONAISM AND GERMAN IDENTITY -Grimmm brothers and …..

-memories of napoleon rule raomed stron -remebered strong unified germany

-austria became associated with repression and hostility

35
Q

Causes of the 1848 Revolution:
-Emergence of middle class

A

-proffessions expamded
-growth of business activity -> need for bankers insurers farm managers etc
-cultural related jobs gre -theatre literature etc

IMPACT:
-growing frustration at lack of opportunity -resented control of nobility over freedom of speech
-spread liberal ideas -receptive about politcical social economic change
-not enough jobs for educated middle class

36
Q

Causes of the 1848 Revolution:
-Nationalism

A

-unified unhappy groups - workers and peasants -> achieved big enough force for rev

37
Q

Causes of the 1848 Revolution:
-Liberalism

A

-many liberalist gains -> proved middle class is capablew of causing change and system is not impssible to break

38
Q

Causes of the 1848 Revolution
-Zollverein

A

IMPACT
-AUSTRIA EXCLUDED - PRUSSIA DOMINATED ECONOMICALLY - ADVANCED ITS LEADING POSITION

-FREER TRADE - GREATER PROSPERITY -> INDUSTRIES TRADE AND RAIL NETWORK GREW -> ENCOURAGED URBAN AND MIDDLE CLASS GROWTH

History A level (8 decks)

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