Russian - AOS 1 Flashcards
Coronation of Tsar Nicholas II
14 May 1896
Khodynka Tragedy
- 1300+ trampled
- Further 1300 injured
Tsar quote on representative government
“I shall never agree to a representative form of government, because I consider it harmful to the people whom God has entrusted to my care.”
Russo-Japanese War
1904-1905
Battle of Tsushima
28 May 1905
- 10,000 sailors killed or captured
- Russian Baltic Fleet destroyed after travelling for 8 months
- Russia humiliated, discredited at the Treaty of Portsmouth; Japan supreme nation of Asia
Russo-Japanese quote
“The Japanese are infidels. The might of Holy Russia will crush them.”
Bloody Sunday
- Poor working conditions, low wages, poor treatment
- Sacking of 5 workers at Putilov Steel Work
- 9 January 1905
- 150,000 workers led by Gapon, petition the Tsar at Winter Palace
- 200 killed, 800 injured
- 400,000 workers strike in January alone
Bloody Sunday quote
“There is no God any longer. There is no Tsar.” (Gapon)
October Manifesto
- 17 October 1905
- Granted civil liberties, such as freedom of speech and assembly
- Creation of a State Duma
- Ensured universal male suffrage
Fundamental State Laws
- 23 April 1906
- Ensured Tsar possessed constitutional and legislative power
- Ministers could only be appointed by Tsar, did not answer to the Duma
- Re-asserted tsarist autocracy
FSL quote
“The Russian state is one and indivisible.” (Nicholas II)
Stolypin’s Reforms of 1906
- Affordable land made available to peasants, offered them credit to purchase land + equipment
- Introduced fairer taxes and medical aid
- Compulsory education
- 3,000 revolutionaries executed between 1905-19011
- 21,000 exiled to Siberia
- Growth in industry and foreign trade, proportion of land owners, decreased national debt
Lena River Massacre
- 4 April 1912
- 6,000 workers strike
- Government troops kill 250 workers
Lena River quote (Kerensky)
“Incompatible with human dignity.”
Lena River quote (Stalin)
“The Lena River shots broke the ice of silence, and the river of popular resentment is flowing again.”
WW1 date
28 June 1914
Germany declares war on Russia
19 July 1914
Tannenburg
18 August 1914
- 130,000 casualties
- 100,000 POWs
Masurian Lakes
2 September 1914
- 60,000 casualties
Nikolai Nikolaevich quote
“I have no rifles, no shells, no boots.”
Nicholas II takes command of Army
August 1915
WW1 food riots
1914 - 1916
- Petrograd receives 6,556 of 12,000 food wagons needed per month
WW1 inflation
By late 1916, currency printing and spiralling food prices had pushed inflation to almost 400 per cent.
Durnovo quote
“A social revolution in its most extreme form will be unavoidable in Russia.”
February Revolution
22 February to 3 March 1917
Feb Revolution Historian Perspective (Wood)
“The February Revolution was caused by the spontaneous upsurge of the politically radicalised masses.”
Feb Revolution Historian Perspective (Pipes)
“The immediate cause of the [February] Revolution of 1917 would be the collapse of Russia’s fragile political and economic structures under the strains of war.”
Tsar Abdicates
2 March 1917
Provisional Government date
15 March 1917
Stolypin quote on Duma
“An assembly representing the majority of the population would never work.”
Duma failure
230 land owners vs 60,000 peasants
Red Guard
40,000
PG Historian Perspective
“In order to survive the Provisional Government had to keep Russia in the war, but in doing so it destroyed its own chances of survival.” (Lynch)
October Revolution
25 October 1917
Lenin returns to Petrograd
7 October 1917
October Revolution Historian Perspective
“In October 1917, the Bolsheviks were pushing against an already open door.” (Lynch)
October Revolution Quote 1
“History will not forgive us if we don’t take power now.” (Lenin)
October Revolution Quote 2
“If we seize power today, we seize it not in opposition to the soviets but on their behalf.” (Lenin)
Kornilov Affair
10 - 13 September 1917
Milrevcom
- Date
- What
- Oct 1917
- Plan paramilitary responses to the Provisional Government
Petrograd Soviet
- When
- Whom
- Controlled
- 12 March 1917
- Soldiers and workers
- Railways, communications, army
Soviet Order No. 1
- Military activity controlled by Soviet
- Any order issued by PG must be ratified by the PS first
WW1 Historian Perspective (Hill)
“war accelerated the development of revolutionary crisis”
Rasputin Perspective
“Disease affecting Russian politics” (Lynch)
February Rev. strikes
200,000
