AOS 1 - Causes Flashcards

1
Q

American War of Independence Quotes (Turgot)

A

“The first shot will drive the state into bankruptcy.”

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2
Q

Assembly of Notables
Date
What
Significance

A
  • 22 February 1787
  • A body of notables, mainly nobles, who acted in an advisory capacity to the king
  • “the first revolutionaries” (Schama)
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3
Q

Calonne
Years in office
Reforms

A
  • 1783 - 87
  • Proposed a diverse income tax & land tax, to be paid by all
  • “[Privilege]… infects everything, harms everything and prevents any improvements.”
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4
Q

Jacques Necker
Years in office
Significant Work
Historian’s Perspective

A
  • 1777 - 81, then 88 - 89
  • The Compte Rendu au Roi (February 1781), showed France to be in a surplus of 10 million livres rather than the significant debt it was actually in
  • “Public opinion saw Necker as a banking wizard: someone who could pull rabbits out of hats and money out of thin air.” (Schama)
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5
Q

Brienne
Years in Office
Reforms

A
  • 1787 - 88
  • Proposed a new land tax (similar to Calonne’s) and a new stamp duty, both rejected by the parlements
  • Persuaded the king to exile the parlements, but recalled them to accept an edict for raising loans (120 million) but rejected
  • Suggested for the Estates-General to be called
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6
Q

Parlements

A
  • Sovereign court of appeal - entirely aristocratic
  • Registered royal edicts as law and scrutinised them, though the king could order a lit de justice to force registration
  • Parlement rejected the tax reforms, argued that only the Estates-General as representatives of the nation could permit new taxes (no taxation without representation)
  • Louis presented a lit de justice, but was declared invalid by the parlement
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7
Q

Day of Tiles

A
  • 10 June 1788
  • Soldiers came to arrest and exile magistrates, townspeople attacked from the rooftops
  • Governor’s house looted and magistrates led back to the courts in triumph
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8
Q

Financial Crisis

A
  • “Enough money for the government to function for one afternoon.” (Schama)
  • Lots of debt from foreign wars (Austrian War of Succession, Seven Years War, American Revolution), 400 million livres
  • By 1789, they were in debt of more than 1.3 billion livres, including interest - 91% of national money came from loans
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9
Q

Poor Harvests / Food Shortages

A
  • “It was the connection of anger and hunger that made the revolution possible. But it also programmed the revolution to explode from overinflated expectations.” (Schama)
  • 81/82, 85/86, 88/89
  • Some poor households spending 65-90% of their income on food
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10
Q

Tennis Court Oath

A
  • 20 June 1789
  • Vowed to never seperate until France had a constitution
  • 600 deputies of the Third Estate
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11
Q

Bourgeoisie

A
  • “The ultimate cause of the revolution was the rise of the bourgeoisie.” (Lefebvre)
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12
Q

Storming of the Bastille

A
  • 14 July 1789
  • Crowd of 600 with 2 cannons
  • 10 cannons, 28,000 muskets seized
  • Bastille a symbol of royal authority, revolutionaries wanted the 250 barrels of gunpowder
  • “Climax of the popular movement.” (Doyle)
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13
Q

Fiscal System

A
  • Taille tax (land) (only by Third Estate) (privileged exempt)
  • Vingtieme (5% of income)
  • Seigneurial dues (1/7)
  • Gabelle (salt)
  • Capitation (poll tax)
  • Corvée (compulsory labour)
  • Taxes raised during financial crisis
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14
Q

Estates-General

A
  • May 1789
  • A body representing the whole nation
  • Met to restore creditors’ confidence in France through solving the fiscal crisis
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15
Q

National Assembly

A
  • 17 June 1789
  • Third Estate deputies form a National Assembly
  • “The Third Estate created a new power, independent of the King.” (Furet)
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16
Q

Reveillon Riots

A

27 April 1789

17
Q

Popular Revolution

A
  • “The signal for popular action was the dismissal of Necker.” (McPhee)
  • Necker dismissed 11 July 1789
  • Riots in Paris
18
Q

Great Fear

A
  • “allowed the peasants to realise their strength.” (Lefebvre)
  • Belief that nobles were planning to get revenge on the Revolution
  • Peasants attacked châteaux and burned manorial rolls which recorded dues
  • Forced the National Assembly to act decisively to maintain control over the Revolution
19
Q

Cahiers de Doléances

A
  • Books created by representatives from each estate in each region
  • Concerns and suggested solutions compiled in preparation for the Estates-General
  • Some conservative, others liberal
  • Political, fiscal, legal/judicial, administrative
20
Q

Louis XVI Historian’s Perspective

A

“By the time Louis came to the throne, the political system he had inherited has lost its legitimacy.”
(Blanning)

21
Q

Liberal nobles

A

Lafayette, Mirabeau, Society of Thirty

22
Q

Third Estate quote

A

“The Third Estate is not an order, but the nation itself.” (Comte d’Antraigues)