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History Paper 2 > Russia Topic 1 > Flashcards

Russia Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How was Russia ruled in 1905

A
  • By Tsar Nicholas II
  • Russia was autocracy
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2
Q

What does an autocracy mean

A

There was no control over the Tsar’s power, but he was given advice from ministers which he chose

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3
Q

What was the Tsar in control of

A

The army and was supported by the Church

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4
Q

Why were the peasants in discontent with the Tsarist government

A
  • They were hungry for land
  • They were overtaxed
  • They lived in desperate poverty
  • Not enough land to make enough food, caused a famine
  • Shocked at how the government dealt with the famine
  • The word was banned from newspapers
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5
Q

What percentage of the population were peasants

A

85%

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6
Q

Why were the industrial workers in discontent with the Tsarist government

A
  • Had terrible living conditions
  • Low wages
  • Long hours
  • Terrible working conditions
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7
Q

Why were the middle class in discontent with the Tsarist government

A
  • They had no say in how Russia was governed
  • They believed they should of had a say
  • They wanted a fair legal system
  • Were scared of the violent liberal groups
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8
Q

Why were different nationalities in discontent with the Tsarist government

A
  • They wanted independence from Russian Oppression
  • Russification, making them speak Russian and adopts Russia’s culture
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9
Q

What was the Okhrana

A

The Tsar’s secret police

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10
Q

Why were the police given a great deal of power

A

To protect the Tsar from the threat of terrorists

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11
Q

Why was censorship used

A

To stop the publishing of radical ideas

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12
Q

Who was the political opposition to Tsar Nicholas II?

A
  1. Liberals (kadets + Octobrists)
  2. Social revolutionary party
  3. Social democratic party
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13
Q

Why did the Tsar receive opposition from the Social Democratic party

A
  • They believed in communism
  • Wanted a revolution to get rid of the Tsar and the Tsarist government
  • They believed in giving power to the workers
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14
Q

What did the social democratic party split into

A
  • Mensheviks, more moderate
  • Bolsheviks, more revolutionary
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15
Q

Why did the Tsar receive opposition from the Socialist revolutionary party

A
  • They wanted to end the Tsarist regime
  • They believed in using violence
  • They believed in giving peasants their own lands so were supported by the peasants
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16
Q

Why did the Tsar receive opposition from the liberals

A
  • Groups such as the Kadets, wanted a constitutional government in which the Tsar remained the head of state
  • They wanted his power to be limited
  • Wanted democratically elected governments
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17
Q

Why was there a revolution in 1905, the two triggers

A
  1. War against Japan
  2. Bloody Sunday
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18
Q

How did the Russo-Japanese war cause the 1905 revolution

A
  • Japan and Russia both wanted Manchuria, in China, for its resources
  • Russia was confident as a major European power it would be able to beat Japan
  • Japan beat the old military tactics of Russia
  • Russian people blamed the Tsarist government for this humiliating defeat
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19
Q

How did Bloody Sunday cause the 1905 revolution

A
  • Bloody Sunday was a massacre of unarmed protestors
  • Took place in St Petersburg
  • It was led by Father Gapon, the people were bring a petition to the Tsar
  • The petition was for better conditions of industrial workers
  • The march was peaceful until the demonstrators starting shouting abuse at the soldiers, insulting their failures
  • The soldiers fired two warning rounds then came into the crowds and attacked
  • The event united people in disgust and anger
20
Q

How many protestors were killed in Bloody Sunday

A

100

21
Q

What were the long term causes of the 1905 revolution

A
  • Economic hardships
  • Political opposition
22
Q

What is the Potemkin mutiny, 1905

A
  • mutiny of Russian sailors
  • The navy faced poor conditions and tough discipline
  • The navy were embarrassed due to their loss to Japan
  • some sailors believed it was wrong for officers to have complete control over their lives
  • The mutiny started due to the sailors being forced to eat meat with maggots in, they were threatened to be shot if they did not eat it
  • The officer shot one of the sailors who died, this set off the mutiny
  • The sailors attacked the officers taking over the ship
23
Q

Where did the sailors sail to, in the Potemkin mutiny

A

To Odessa where strikes and protests had been taking place
- Riots spread throughout the city, with support for the sailors and funerals for the lost
- The Tsar sent his army to stop the riots in Odessa

24
Q

What happened to the sailors, where did they find asylum

A

A Romanian port, they sunk the ship rather than risking recapture

25
Q

What were the peasant riots

A
  • Peasants rioted against their landlords, even burning down their manor houses and sometimes killing them and their families
  • They creates communes
26
Q

How many manor houses did the peasants burn

A

3000

27
Q

What did the industrial workers did in the 1905 revolution

A
  • They used strikes to achieve their aims
  • A general strike was organised, including important workers e.g. railways meaning Russia could not function
  • the general strike became a national strike against the government
28
Q

What did the Tsar do in response to the 1905 revolution

A

The October Manifesto

29
Q

What did the Tsar grant in the October Manifesto

A
  • New civil rights for the people of the Russian Empire, freedom of speech, religion, right to from trade unions
  • The Duma was set up
  • Laws would have to be approved by the state Duma and government actions would have to be supervised
30
Q

What were the immediate reactions to the October Manifesto

A
  • The liberal middle class were delighted
  • However the Manifesto did not do anything to improve the condition of the workers or peasants
  • The social democratic were very critical of the manifesto and the middle class for abandoning the workers
31
Q

What was Stolypin’s role

A

He was to stop the unrest in the countryside of the peasants
- He was hated due to his extreme methods
- Stolypin’s necktie

32
Q

Why did Tsar Nicholas II survive the 1905 revolution

A
  1. Concessions, the October Manifesto
  2. The military, the army and navy stayed loyal to the Tsar
  3. Disunited opposition, they were not organised or unity
33
Q

What are the fundamental laws

A

Laws issued by the Tsar when he met with the Duma for the first time
- An upper state council could block any decision made by the Duma (the state council was chosen by the Tsar)
- the Tsar kept the important powers e.g. power to dissolve the duma, veto any decisions, authority over armed services
- Only the Tsar could change the fundamental laws

34
Q

When was the first duma

A

1906

35
Q

What was the first duma like

A
  • Very strongly anti-government
  • their main demand was land reform, taking more land from the landlords
  • the kadets wanted the government to answer straight to the duma
  • the demands were way to radical for the tsarist government
36
Q

How long did the first duma run for

A

10 weeks till the Tsar dissolved it

37
Q

When was the second duma

A

1907

38
Q

What was the second duma like

A
  • mostly social revolutionaries
  • recognised as an even bigger threat to Tsarism than the first duma and therefore was dissolved
39
Q

What was the third duma like

A
  • Stolypin organised a change in the election rules so that more conservative deputies were elected, they could be relied on to support the government
  • showed that the tsar would never willingly give up his autocratic power
40
Q

How long did the third duma last

A

Its full 5 year term as it could be relied on for support of the government and the Tsar rein

41
Q

What was the fourth duma like

A

also dominated by conservatives
- nationalist parties were even stronger
- opposition to the government was too weak

42
Q

When did the fourth duma end

A

February 1917

43
Q

What did Stolypin believe about farming

A
  • He believed that the way farming was organised (communes) was inefficient and old fashioned
44
Q

What were Stolypins land reforms

A
  • He allowed peasants to leave their communes so they could go and buy their own land and create more efficient modern farms
  • he gave peasants loans and encouraged them to find land in Siberia
  • He hoped in time peasants would grow richer and be happy and support the Tsar again
45
Q

Were stolypins land reforms successful?

A
  • Families still tended to live and work as if they were still in communes, e.g. letting animals graze on eachothers land
  • he was unsuccessful in preventing further unrest in the countryside
  • Food production did increase by a third
  • 3.5 million peasants moved to Siberia
46
Q

What was the Lena gold field strike

A
  • miners went on strike due to the quality of horsemeat they were given and their management taking no notice
  • they demanded better working conditions, 8 hour days, higher wages
  • an order was given to open fire on the protestors
  • the shooting outraged russia due to the similarity from ‘ bloody sunday’
  • 750,000 workers went on strike to show their solidarity
  • The gold mines were forced to close in the end

History Paper 2 (10 decks)

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