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History Paper 2 > China Topic 2 > Flashcards

China Topic 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the long march

A

1934 October

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2
Q

How many soldiers began to retreat North

A

80,000

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3
Q

Characteristics of the long march

A
  • They brought as much equipment and guns that they could carry
  • They set off in a straight line
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4
Q

How long did it take them to break through the ring of blockhouses

A

6 weeks

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5
Q

How many members had they lost

A

Over half from fighting the GMD

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6
Q

What were two causes of the long march

A
  1. CCP were surrounded by the GMD, if they had stayed there they would have been destroyed
  2. CCP needed to find safety in order to build up their party again so it could challenge the GMD for power of China
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7
Q

During the process of the long march who took over as leader to continue

A

Mao

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8
Q

How was the long march different under the new leaders

A

The march took off in a new direction often changing routes and splitting forces

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9
Q

Where did the CCP reach safety

A

Yanan

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10
Q

How many of the CCP members were left when they arrived in Yanan

A

10,000 out of the original 80,000 had survived

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11
Q

What were the positive effects of the long march

A
  • The CCP had survived and had found a new base to develop support for communism
  • Mao was hailed as a hero and became the unchallenged leader of the CCP
  • The long march was excellent propaganda to promote communism
  • The good behaviour of the red army gained support from the peasants
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12
Q

What were the negative effects of the long march

A
  • Only 10,000 marchers survived
    -The CCP had only succeeded in retreating, the GMD called in the Great Retreat
  • The GMD still wanted to destroy the CCP
  • The GMD was now firmly in control of China
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13
Q

When was the second united front

A

1936

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14
Q

Why was the second united front formed

A

Common goal of removing Japan from China

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15
Q

When the Japanese invaded Manchuria, Chiang did little to stop them, why was this

A
  • He believed the CCP was a larger threat
  • He was convinced Japan could never occupy a country as large as China
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16
Q

Chiang ordered another extermination camp, but the GMD troops commanded by Zhang Zuolin refused, why

A

They wanted Chiang to focus on removing the Japanese rather than fighting the CCP
- Zhang pressured Chiang to work with the CCP to get rid of Japan

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17
Q

Two causes of the second united front

A
  1. To stop Japan from taking China
  2. Pressure from the warlords (Zhang Zuolin)
18
Q

The Japanese invasion of China

A
  • Despite the united front, the well-equipped modern Japanese army swept south through China
  • Japanese troops attacked Chinese troops near Beijing
  • Japan captured major cities, Beijing, Shanghai
  • This started a full scale war till 1945
19
Q

How many Chinese were killed in the ‘Rape of Nanjing’

A

30,000

20
Q

How many women were raped in the ‘rape of Nanjing’ by the Japanese army

A

20,000

21
Q

What was the turning point for China in WW2

A

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, they were preoccupied with the USA
- UK + USA were sending Chiang weapons and supplies
- Two atomic bombs on China ended the war

22
Q

How did the war affect the CCP

A

Members and sq. miles they controlled both increased massively
2 million –> 95 million members

23
Q

Why did the CCP become more popular after WW2

A
  • They won over the peasants by treating them with respect and protecting them from the Japanese
  • They were more eager to remove the Japanese and using their Guerrilla tactics effectively
24
Q

Why did the GMD lose support after WW2

A
  • Violent treatment of the peasants and soldiers
  • Fact they seemed unwilling to fight the Japanese
  • Ran China badly with high taxes and development of the black market
25
Q

After the war, it was agreed by USA and Stalin that Chiang should be reinstated as ruler of China, Why did Stalin agree

A
  1. He believed that the Communists lacked the military strength for victory
  2. He also feared that US may intervene further in the East if there was a communist victory in China
26
Q

When did the Civil war between the GMD and CCP break out

A

1946

27
Q

How many soldiers did the CCP have compared to the GMD

A

CCP = 900,000
GMD = 2.7 million

28
Q

Why was the GMD in a better position than the CCP going into the civil war

A
  • Had support from both USA and USSR
  • Had a large air force
  • 39 newly trained divisions
29
Q

At the beginning of the Civil War who was initially successful

A

The GMD
- Captured a number of large cities
- So successful that the CCP even lost their base at Yanan

30
Q

What was the Red Army renamed, and who was it led by

A

The Peoples liberation army (PLA) led by Lin Biao

31
Q

What strategies did the CCP and PLA use to become more successful in the Civil War

A

They began to use guerrilla tactics, they would ambush the GMD from rural areas forcing them to stay in the cities
- they would then blow up the railway lines so the cities were cut off from supplies and reinforcements

32
Q

After the CCP strategy of Guerrilla warfare what did they move to

A

Conventional battles with masses of infantry and artillery
- The PLA pushed into central China
- Chiang was now defensive as he had lost 1/2 of his troops

33
Q

What was the battle of Huai-Hai

A
  • A battle which lasted for 2 months, the CCP were victorious
  • Chiang engaged in a battle to try and stop the CCP from moving further into China
34
Q

Why did the PLA win in the battle of Huai-Hai

A
  • The CCP used effective artillery and a mounted three pronged attack
  • The PLA were ordered to destroy the surrounding area so the GMD had no food to feed their troops
  • Chiang refused to let his army retreat meaning his lost thousands of soldiers
  • Chiang was forced to resign after
35
Q

Why was this battle a turning point in the Civil War

A
  • The CCP were now in control of large areas of China
  • The GMD had lost so much that they could no longer effectively defend against communist attacks
  • The USA withdrew their support for GMD
36
Q

What was the new government that Mao declared in 1949

A

Peoples republic of China

37
Q

Where did Chiang flee to

A

Taiwan to establish a GMD government there

38
Q

How did military reasons help the CCP to win the Civil War

A
  • Mao was a skilled leader who allowed Lin Biao to run their own armies whereas Chiang was a poor military leader
  • The PLA used a variety of tactics where the GMD made tactical errors
  • The PLA was a disciplined army who were motivated by its belief in communism and was well supported by the peasants, the GMD were a conscripted army that was treated poorly
39
Q

How did political reasons help the CCP to win the civil war

A
  • The CCP leadership was well supported and had a clear chain of command
  • The CCP used propaganda
  • The GMD were corrupt and unskilled, they raised taxes and took bribes
  • The GMD had not fulfilled its promises, they favoured the businessmen and landlords rather than peasants and workers
40
Q

How did economic and social reasons help the CCP to win the civil war

A
  • The CCP introduced land reforms which took land from landlords and gave it to the peasants
  • The CCP gained support from the middle class by taking a stand against the Japanese
  • GMD whereas printed money, contributed to inflation and destroyed the savings of the middle class
  • They also badly managed the economy which led to violence and robbery

History Paper 2 (10 decks)

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