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History Paper 2 > China Topic 5 > Flashcards

China Topic 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was involved in the fight to be Maos successor

A
  1. Lin Biao
  2. Zhou Enlai
  3. Jiang Qing
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2
Q

Why and how was Lin Biao Killed

A
  • He was killed as Mao was worried he was trying to overthrow him
  • He died in a plane crash apparently on orders of Mao
  • Plan called ‘Project 571’ to overthrow Mao made by Lin Biao was released
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3
Q

Why was there a power struggle between the right wing moderates and the left wing radicals in the 1970s

A

For control over the communist party and the government of China

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4
Q

Who were the right wing moderates

A

The Right:
- Led by the Prime Minister, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping
- Supported by the CCP and PLA
- Wanted reform and modernisation

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5
Q

Who were the left wing radicals

A

The left:
- Led by Jiang Qing, Maos wife, and the Gang of Four
- they had control of the press and radio
- They followed Mao Zedong thought
- Capitalists had to be removed

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6
Q

The rise of the Gang of Four

A
  • The rise started in the Cultural revolution
  • Jiang Qing had grown powerful as the purifier of culture
  • Jiang and the other members were afraid that Zhou and Deng might become leaders after Maos death
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7
Q

How did the death of Zhou Enlai cause Deng Xiaoping to be removed from his post

A
  • Zhou died and was succeeded by Deng
  • Thousands went to Zhou’s funeral as he had been a popular leader, they laid wreaths and put up poster criticising Jiang and Mao
  • Visitors to the square found that wreaths had been removed
  • People rioted to show their support for Zhou and Deng
  • Jiang Qing blamed the riots on Deng and persuaded Mao to remove him from his posts
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8
Q

When was Deng Xiaoping removed from all his posts by Mao and Jiang Qing

A

1976

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9
Q

Two causes of the rise of the gang of Four

A
  1. Jiang Qing’s role in the Cultural Revolution and relationship with Mao
  2. Death of rival Zhou Enlai
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10
Q

Who was Hua Goufeng

A
  • Mao randomly promoted Hua Goufeng to the role of Premier and therefore was likely to be Maos successor
  • Hua had more support than the Gang of Four, and so was another rival for power
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11
Q

The arrest of the Gang of Four

A
  • The Gang of Four were tricked by the Politburo before they could seize power
  • They were invited to an urgent meeting and arrested
  • Jiang Qing was arrested in her house
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12
Q

Who became leader after Mao died

A
  • Hua Goufeng
  • But Deng Xiaoping waited in the wings gathering support in the military and party
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13
Q

When was Deng Xiaoping named the paramount leader of China

A

1978

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14
Q

Two causes of the fall of the Gang of Four

A
  1. Mao did not chose them to succeed him
  2. They were tricked
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15
Q

What were the Gang of Four like when they went on trial

A
  • Jiang Qing’s behaviour was very interesting
  • She accused the judges of being revisionist spies
  • Jiang and Zhang were given death sentences which was later reduced to life imprisonment
  • All four were found guilty
  • The Trial was televised across the world
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16
Q

What were Dengs aims

A
  • To modernise China
  • To develop trade with the outside world
  • To encourage foreign investment into China
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17
Q

Reasons for Dengs reforms

A
  1. Many machines were old-fashioned and factories were inefficient
  2. co-operative farms were failing to produce enough food, it had to be imported 14 million tonnes of grain
  3. Serious droughts and floods made poverty worse
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18
Q

Reasons for agricultural reforms

A
  • Production did not meet needs
  • Communes meant farmers had no incentives to produce more
  • still used traditional farming methods
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19
Q

What did Deng introduce for his Agriculture reforms

A

Household responsibility system

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20
Q

What was the household responsibility system

A
  • Communes were replaced with Xiang
  • Each farming household received a plot of land which they could do what they wanted with
  • A quota of produce would go to the state for using the land
  • They could chose which crops to grow themselves
  • The farming household had control over their labour and could distribute how they wanted
  • All extra produce could be sold for profit by the farmers
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21
Q

Effects of the Agricultural reforms

A
  • Was very successful
  • Increased productivity
  • China became the biggest agricultural producer in the world
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22
Q

What did Deng introduce for Industrial reforms

A

A new 10 year plan

23
Q

What did the new ten year plan propose

A
  • State owned enterprises (SOE) stayed but, managers were told to run factories profitably and produce what the people wanted to buy
  • managers could also introduce incentives for workers
  • Town and Village enterprises (TVE) were established
  • Foreigners were encouraged to visit China and invest money in industry
  • introduced special economy zones (SEZ), these ares provided cheap labour and land for Western firms, they were encouraged to hire Chinese workers
24
Q

Positive effects of the industrial reforms

A
  • SEZ’s had grown export trade by 500%
  • Record number of consumer goods were produced
  • TVE’s employed 100 million people
25
Q

Negative effects of industrial reforms

A
  • Unemployment was still above 10%
  • Big inequalities in wealth and wages
  • Modernisation brought westernised problems
  • Inflation, high costs for consumer goods
26
Q

Why were changes in education needed

A
  • Developing a highly educated workforce was a priority for Deng’s modernisation programme
27
Q

What were Deng’s education reforms

A
  • Examinations for university entries restored
  • Private universities were allowed
  • Students encouraged to travel to the West for education
28
Q

Two causes of Deng’s education reforms

A
  1. Repair problems created by the Cultural Revolution
  2. Modernise China and facilitate economic reforms
29
Q

Why did Deng introduce the One child policy

A
  • As China’s population was estimated to reach the billions by 2000
  • There was concerns about feeding and providing resources for a whole population
30
Q

What was the one child policy, what did it introduce

A
  • A minimum age for marriage
  • Couples had to get a permit to give birth
  • Financial penalties for having more than one child
  • Late term abortion and sterilisations were given
  • Cash bonuses and extra rations for couples with only one child
31
Q

Negative impacts of the one child policy

A

It produced problems such as:
- An increase in female infanticide, lead to a gender imbalance
- Mental health issues for boys
- Encouraged late abortions
It was difficult to enforce in the countryside

32
Q

What were the four cardinal principles that Deng was influenced by

A
  1. The CCP would keep a leading role
  2. Rejection of multi party system
  3. No free elections
  4. No freedom of speech

L - leading role
O - one party state
S - speech no
E- elections no

33
Q

What was the Democracy wall movement

A
  • Some people were demanding a more democratic political system
  • Led by students, posters began to appear on a wall near Tiananmen Square, Avenue of eternal peace
  • This became known as the Democracy wall
34
Q

When was the democracy wall movement

A

Late 1970s

35
Q

Why did Deng change his stance on the Democracy wall movement

A
  • At first he was a supporter of the wall as there was a lot of support for him
  • But the students started expressing anti-government and anti-party feelings
36
Q

What were students unhappy about and expressing on the democracy wall

A
  • They were unhappy about the lack of democracy and assumed that Deng would introduce it when he became leader
  • Greatest agitation came from those who had suffered through the cultural revolution but had not benefited from Dengs new policies
37
Q

Who was Wei Jingsheng

A
  • A former red guard
  • He published an article which made a strong attack on Deng, he accused the government of acting like the Qing dynasty
  • His criticisms were pinned to the democracy wall
  • Deng was shocked
  • Wei was imprisoned for 15 years
38
Q

What was Wei Jingsheng regarded as

A

The first martyr of the democracy movement

39
Q

What was the democracy movement made up of

A

It represented intellectuals who wanted political reforms to match Deng’s economic reforms

40
Q

What formed from the democracy movement

A

Widespread demonstrations by Chinese students

41
Q

Two causes of the student protests in 1986

A
  1. The democracy wall movement
  2. Wei Jingsheng
42
Q

What were the initial student protests caused by

A
  • Poor conditions in which students lived in
  • High rents and prices caused by Deng’s economic policies
  • Poor job prospects
  • Corruption in the CCP for job hiring
  • Lack of control over what they could study
43
Q

What was the reason Deng announced that China did not need democracy

A

Because the people had an enlightened government to rule for them

44
Q

The students wanted an end to dictatorship and an introduction to what

A
  1. Free speech
  2. Democracy
  3. Multi-party elections
  4. Free elections
45
Q

What was the reaction of Hu Yaobang to the student protests

A

He was sympathetic and criticised the slow pace of change, he was sacked

46
Q

Why did student protests start in 1989

A
  • Started due to the death of Hu Yaobang
  • Students gathered in Tiananmen square to express their sadness
47
Q

Why did students like Hu Yaobang

A
  • He had appeared to support them in 1986
  • He did not support Mao’s ideas, or Mao Zedong thoughts
48
Q

What caused the number of protests to grow in 1989

A
  • When Li Peng refused to accept a petition asking for greater freedoms
  • This sparked boycotts and sit ins
  • Numbers rose in Tiananmen Square
  • Transport workers showed their support by letting students travel free
49
Q

Why did the Students refuse to call off their hunger strike when the government urged them to

A
  1. They were achieving worldwide publicity
  2. Mikhail Gorbachev was due to visit Beijing, students were convinced they would not dare crush their demonstrations during his visit
50
Q

How did Deng take action against the protestors

A
  • He declared Martial Law in China
  • Protestors blocked the roads and prevented troops from reaching Tiananmen square
  • This made Deng more determined to restore order
  • By June 350,000 PLA soldiers surrounded Tiananmen square and controlled the routes leading into it
51
Q

How many PLA soldiers did it take to surround Tiananmen square in June 1989

A

350,000

52
Q

What was the massacre of June 1989

A
  • PLA troops were told to reclaim the square at all costs
  • Students were marched away and imprisoned
  • Thousands of casualties
  • The government imposed a news blackout
53
Q

Why did Deng carry the massacre out on the students

A
  • The students were unarmed and not fully united or determined
  • Deng could of used tear gas and water cannons
  • Deng wanted a violent end to the protest
  • The violence was to show the Chinese people the determination of the government to not tolerate opposition and to end the call for political reforms
54
Q

Result of the massacre

A
  • Marked the end of the democracy movement
  • International reaction of condemnation and disapproval
  • Deng stated it was a legitmate

History Paper 2 (10 decks)

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