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History Paper 2 > China Topic 3 > Flashcards

China Topic 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were chinas political problems in 1949

A

-The CCP had to prove that they could provide a strong and effective government
- Opposition to the government had to be removed or brought under control

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2
Q

What were China’s economic problems in 1949

A
  • Industrial product was down by 50%
  • Food production was down by 25%
  • There was rapid inflation
  • Manchuria, Chinas main industrial area was occupied by Japan
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3
Q

What were China’s social problems in 1949

A
  • Most of the people were peasants who could not read or write
  • The Chinese people did not want change
  • The Chinese people mistrusted all the new modern ideas in farming, industry, education
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4
Q

What were Chinas foreign problems in 1949

A
  • Most of the world refused to recognise the CCP
  • The USA still continued to recognise the GMD in Taiwan
  • Only the Soviet Union would help the new China
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5
Q

What was Maos first change in Agriculture

A
  1. The Agrarian Reform laws in 1950
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6
Q

What was the Agrarian Reform laws

A
  • Mao sent CCP worker into the villages
  • They took land from the landlords and shared it out amongst the peasants
  • They also got peasants to put landlords on trial in so called ‘people’s courts’
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7
Q

What was the People’s court

A
  • Trials where landlords were accused of charging high rent or mistreating their tenants
  • Some landlords were let off but most were imprisoned or executed
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8
Q

How many landlords were executed in the Peoples court

A

700,000 to 3 million

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9
Q

What impact did the Agrarian Reform laws have

A
  • Popularity for Mao increased
  • Overall production decreased
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10
Q

What did Mao introduce after the Agrarian reform laws

A
  1. Mutual aid teams
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11
Q

What were mutual aid teams

A
  • Peasants still owned their own land but they worked on each others land, fertilising, killing pests or harvesting so that each families plot was more productive
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12
Q

What impacts did the mutual aid teams have

A

40% of peasants belonged to mutual aid teams
- but productivity still did not raise enough

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13
Q

What did Mao introduce after Mutual aid teams

A
  1. APCs (agricultural producers co-operative) in 1953
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14
Q

What were APC’s

A
  • A large unit of 3-5 mutual aid teams with their animals and equipment
  • The land was still owned by the peasants but managed centrally
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15
Q

What were the impacts of APC’s

A
  • They created a demand for machinery which increased production and boosted industry
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16
Q

What was the opposition to the APC’s

A
  • Some richer peasants bought up large sections of large and hired labourers to work on it
  • this was more capitalist than communist
  • Communist officials tried to force richer peasants to join APC’s
  • this led to peasant resistance rather than join an APC
  • this led Mao to stop the APC’s
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17
Q

What did Mao introduce after the failure of the APC’s

A
  1. Creation of Communes
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18
Q

What were communes

A
  • Communes / collectives were farms made up of 2,000-3,000 households
  • All the animals, land and equipment belonged to the collective with no private ownership
  • the produce was not property of the peasants and communist officials would direct the food to towns
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19
Q

By 1958 how many peasants had been placed in communes

A

700 million peasants

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20
Q

Effects of collectivisation

A

The Great Famine 1958-62

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21
Q

How many deaths did the Great Famine cause

A

50 million deaths
- parents sold their children and spouses to buy food
- some people even resorted to cannibalism

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22
Q

What caused the great famine in 1958

A
  • The peasants had no incentives to produce more food as they did not get to sell it for profit
  • Mao introduced the ‘four pests campaign’
  • Mao encouraged the farmers to try out new methods he was told would increase productivity, they did not
  • ## Communist officials lied about production as they were scared of Mao to find out the truth
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23
Q

What was the ‘four pest campaign’

A
  • Mao introduced it to get rid of, sparrows, mosquitoes, files and rats
  • it ended up just resulting in more insects and caterpillars which ate the crops
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24
Q

When was the first five year plan

A

1952-1957

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25
Q

What was the aim of the first five year plan

A

Rapid expansion of heavy industry, coal, iron, steel and petroleum

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26
Q

Why did Mao introduce the first five year plan

A
  • The Chinese civil war and war with Japan had destroyed a lot of Chinas industry
  • If China were to be a successful modern communist power it would need to industrialise rapidly
27
Q

How was China going to industrialise for the first five year plan

A
  • Hundreds of soviet advisor and specialists offered expertise
  • food production had increased enough to provide food for a work force
  • China was rich with natural resources which could be exploited
  • Urban population were willing to work hard
28
Q

What was achieved in the first five year plan

A

Coal production x2
Electrical power production x3
Steel production x4
- Workers salaries increased
- Railway lines were improved

29
Q

What was the aim of the Great leap forwards

A

Overtake Britain as an industrial power in less than 15 years

30
Q

Why did Mao believe the aim of the Great leap forwards was achieveable

A
  • Communism was superior to Capitalism
  • Anything could be achieved if there was a will to succeed
  • Enough food was being produced to supply the workers
  • China could increase agricultural and industrial production at the same time
31
Q

How was the great leap forwards implemented

A
  • Collectivisation of agriculture, APC’s –> communes, linked agriculture and industry
  • Backyard furnaces to produce steel
  • Complete control of business, the government told industries exactly what to make
32
Q

Positive effects of the Great leap forwards

A
  • 11 million tonnes of steel was produced
  • Huge rises in production of wood, coal, cement and fertilisers
33
Q

Negative effects of the Great leap forward

A
  • Collectivisation failed and 50 million died due to famine
  • Steel produced in backyard furnaces was very poor quality and had to be thrown away
  • Around 8.5 million urban workers lost their jobs
  • It became known as the ‘three bitter years’
  • Mao resigns
34
Q

Major effect of the Great leap forwards

A

MAO RESIGNS
- he admitted it was a failure
- it may be seen as a clever move as it meant he was not in power to get the blame for the famine

35
Q

Who came together to save China from Mao’s mistakes

A
  • Liu Shaoqi replaced Mao
  • Deng Xiaoping the general secretary of the CCP
    they reformed the country’s economic policies to save face for Mao and the CCP
36
Q

How were women treated in imperial China

A
  • Women were property of men
  • Infanticide of baby girls were common
  • Girls received little education
  • Wives couldn’t divorce their husbands
  • Pushed into arranged marriages
  • Could be kept as concubines
  • Could not own property or vote
37
Q

When was the marriage law introduced

A

1950

38
Q

What did the marriage laws implement

A
  • arranged marriages were banned
  • Keeping concubines was forbidden
  • Infanticide was forbidden
  • women were given equal property rights
  • anyone could request a divorce
39
Q

What impacts did the changes for women have on marriages

A
  • arranged marriages and the exchange of gifts continued
  • Divorced women were treated as outcasts
  • Cases of infanticide was reduced
  • Average age of marriage increased
40
Q

what impacts did the changes for women have on family life

A
  • Contraceptives were introduced in 1954 but there was some resistance
  • childbirth became safer due to trained midwives
41
Q

What impacts did the changes for women have on their economic role

A
  • Proportion of women in the work force trebled
  • Literacy levels increased
  • Husbands still resorted to wife selling during the famine
42
Q

What impacts did the changes for women have on their political roles

A
  • Women’s participation in political roles increased
  • Men opposed women having all but small roles in politics
43
Q

In reality what was the communists political system like

A
  • CCP were the only political party allowed
  • All decisions were made by the politburo (controlled by Mao and members of the CCP)
44
Q

What were the names given to people which opposed communism

A
  • rightest
  • counter-revolutionaries
  • imperialist
45
Q

How did Mao keep control of his people

A
  • CENSORSHIP + PROPAGANDA, loudspeakers, posters, discussion groups
  • People were required to register in a region and gain permission to move
  • DANGAN, an information file, if it contained anything negative it could impact getting a job or house
  • Re-education camps or meetings
  • LAOGAI, people imprisoned, reform through labour and dehumanised people
46
Q

What was ‘Mao Zedong though’

A

Everyone had to support Maos belief
1. Need the mobilise the masses
2. Need for continuing revolution and constant class struggle
3. Need to prevent counter - revolutionary ideas which could threaten the revolution
4. Need for self-reliance

47
Q

What was the thought reform campaign

A

Introduced in 1951, was introduced as Mao was paranoid about intellectuals who’s views may be different to his
- forced intellectuals to attend re-education meetings and admit their errors in thinking

48
Q

What was the three anti’s campaign aim and who was it against

A

In 1951,
- it was against party members and bureaucrats
- Mao feared they were moving away from Mao Zedong thought
- It aimed to combat, corruption, waste and inefficiency

49
Q

What was the five anti’s campaign aim and who was it against

A

In 1952,
- it was against businessmen
- Mao feared they were secretly supporting Capitalist ideas
- It aimed to combat, fraud, tax dodgers, bribery

50
Q

How were the anti’s campaigns carried out

A
  • Loyal citizens were encouraged to denounce officials and employers who they considered guilty
  • The denounced were set to labour camps where they suffered humiliation
  • the humiliation and camps supposedly made 2-3 million commit suicide
  • the campaigns were effective, created a huge increase in support for the party
51
Q

When was the Hundred flowers campaign introduced

A

1957

52
Q

What was the hundred flowers campaign

A
  • Mao changed his mind on criticism
  • He called on intellectuals to say where the party and government went wrong
  • Mao appeared to be encouraging free speech
  • Mao was shocked that people even criticised him
53
Q

Why did Mao introduce the hundred flowers campaign

A
  1. Lack of intellectual freedom was preventing technological and scientific advancements
  2. Mao thought it would expose those in the CCP who weren’t loyal to him
  3. Mao genuinely was encouraging free speech and was shocked by how much people disliked and criticised him
54
Q

What was the anti-rightest campaign

A
  • Maos response to the criticism, ending the hundred flowers campaign and launching the anti-rightest campaign
  • Critics became labelled as ‘rightists’
  • Critics were sent off to reform camps and sacked from their job
  • People were forbidden to speak freely and the press was censored
55
Q

Consequences of the hundred flowers campaign

A
  • The anti-rightist campaign aswell, both helped silence criticism of the communist regime for a generation
  • Party unity was strengthened
  • Mao position was unchallengeable
  • Intellectual life in china came to a standstill
56
Q

Relationship between China and USSR from 1900 to 1949

A
  • Russia was part of the foreign devils
  • Russia funded the CCP
  • Provided military advisors for the CCP
  • Allied in WW2
  • After WW2 supported the GMD in forming a new government
57
Q

What was the, treaty of friendship, alliance and mutual assistance

A

A treaty between China and USSR in 1950
- Mao needed the help from the USSR to establish a communist state, he needed military and economic help

58
Q

How did the treaty of friendship benefit China

A
  • Promised aid in the event of an attack
  • Given a loan of 300 million
  • Provision of equipment and experts to help build up industry
59
Q

What did the treaty of friendship cost China

A
  • Soviet got to use some of Chinas naval bases
  • The $300 was a loan not a gift
  • Had to give economic concessions
60
Q

How was the USSR helpful for the industrialisation of China

A
  • Soviet economic and military advisors played a role in the first five year plan
  • Soviet nuclear scientists enabled China to build the first nuclear reactor
  • Chinese specialists and scientists went the USSR to become trained
61
Q

How did the USSR damage the industrialisation of China

A
  • Soviet advisors gave bad farming advice which made the great leap forwards worse
  • Khrushchev refused to send the nuclear hardware he had promised
62
Q

Mao’s relationship with Khrushchev

A
  • He was offended by his ‘secret speech’, as it implied criticism of Mao’s regime and Mao Zedongs thought
  • He believed he was trying to spy on China
  • Mao came to believe that Khrushchev was a revisionist and chine was the one true communist superpower
  • Khrushchev criticised and mocked the great leap forward and communes
  • Mao publicly called Khrushchev a coward due to the Cuban Missile crisis
  • ‘Asian Hitler’
63
Q

Mao’s relationship with Brezhnev

A
  • Mao said all soviets were revisionists
  • Physical clashes on the sino-soviet border
  • Mao criticised the soviet invasion of czechoslovakia
  • Mao believed that the capitalist USA was no longer Chinas biggest threat but the USSR was
  • ## Mao directed Chinas nuclear rockets at the USSR instead of USA

History Paper 2 (10 decks)

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